音视频从入门到精通——FFmpeg之av_read_frame函数分析

FFmpeg之av_read_frame函数分析

av_read_frame函数分析

代码

/**
 * Return the next frame of a stream.
 * This function returns what is stored in the file, and does not validate
 * that what is there are valid frames for the decoder. It will split what is
 * stored in the file into frames and return one for each call. It will not
 * omit invalid data between valid frames so as to give the decoder the maximum
 * information possible for decoding.
 * 
返回流的下一帧。
此函数返回文件中存储的内容，并且不验证
即解码器存在有效帧。它会分裂什么
存储在文件中的帧，并为每个调用返回一个帧。不会
省略有效帧之间的无效数据，以便为解码器提供最大值
可以解码的信息。
 *
 *
 * On success, the returned packet is reference-counted (pkt->buf is set) and
 * valid indefinitely. The packet must be freed with av_packet_unref() when
 * it is no longer needed. For video, the packet contains exactly one frame.
 * For audio, it contains an integer number of frames if each frame has
 * a known fixed size (e.g. PCM or ADPCM data). If the audio frames have
 * a variable size (e.g. MPEG audio), then it contains one frame.
 *
 *
成功时，返回的数据包被引用计数（pkt->buf被设置），并且
无限期有效。在以下情况下，必须使用av_packet_unref（）释放数据包：
它不再需要了。
对于视频，数据包只包含一帧。
对于音频，如果每个帧具有
已知的固定大小（例如PCM或ADPCM数据）。如果音频帧具有：
可变大小（例如MPEG音频），则它包含一个帧。

 * pkt->pts, pkt->dts and pkt->duration are always set to correct
 * values in AVStream.time_base units (and guessed if the format cannot
 * provide them). pkt->pts can be AV_NOPTS_VALUE if the video format
 * has B-frames, so it is better to rely on pkt->dts if you do not
 * decompress the payload.
 *
pkt->pts、pkt->dts和pkt->“持续时间”始终设置为正确
AVStream中的值。time_base units（如果格式不能
提供它们）。如果视频格式为：
具有B帧，因此如果没有，最好依赖pkt->dts
解压缩有效载荷。
 *
 *
 * @return 0 if OK, < 0 on error or end of file. On error, pkt will be blank
 *         (as if it came from av_packet_alloc()).
 *
 * @note pkt will be initialized, so it may be uninitialized, but it must not
 *       contain data that needs to be freed.
 * 
 * pkt将被初始化，因此它可能未初始化，但不能
包含需要释放的数据。
 * 
 */
int av_read_frame(AVFormatContext *s, AVPacket *pkt);

其中AVFormatContext ，AVPacket 两个参数。

AVFormatContext结构体

AVFormatContext结构体详情

/**
 * Format I/O context.
 * New fields can be added to the end with minor version bumps.
 * Removal, reordering and changes to existing fields require a major
 * version bump.
 * sizeof(AVFormatContext) must not be used outside libav*, use
 * avformat_alloc_context() to create an AVFormatContext.
 *
 * Fields can be accessed through AVOptions (av_opt*),
 * the name string used matches the associated command line parameter name and
 * can be found in libavformat/options_table.h.
 * The AVOption/command line parameter names differ in some cases from the C
 * structure field names for historic reasons or brevity.
 */
typedef struct AVFormatContext {

	AVIOContext *pb：输入数据的缓存
	
	unsigned int nb_streams：视音频流的个数
	
	AVStream **streams：视音频流
	
	char filename[1024]：文件名
	
	int64_t duration：时长（单位：微秒us，转换为秒需要除以1000000）
	
	int bit_rate：比特率（单位bps，转换为kbps需要除以1000）
	
	AVDictionary *metadata：元数据
}

AVPacket结构体

AVPacket结构体详情

/**
 * This structure stores compressed data. It is typically exported by demuxers
 * and then passed as input to decoders, or received as output from encoders and
 * then passed to muxers.
 *
 * For video, it should typically contain one compressed frame. For audio it may
 * contain several compressed frames. Encoders are allowed to output empty
 * packets, with no compressed data, containing only side data
 * (e.g. to update some stream parameters at the end of encoding).
 *
 * The semantics of data ownership depends on the buf field.
 * If it is set, the packet data is dynamically allocated and is
 * valid indefinitely until a call to av_packet_unref() reduces the
 * reference count to 0.
 *
 * If the buf field is not set av_packet_ref() would make a copy instead
 * of increasing the reference count.
 *
 * The side data is always allocated with av_malloc(), copied by
 * av_packet_ref() and freed by av_packet_unref().
 *
 * sizeof(AVPacket) being a part of the public ABI is deprecated. once
 * av_init_packet() is removed, new packets will only be able to be allocated
 * with av_packet_alloc(), and new fields may be added to the end of the struct
 * with a minor bump.
 *
 * @see av_packet_alloc
 * @see av_packet_ref
 * @see av_packet_unref
 */
typedef struct AVPacket {
    /**
     * A reference to the reference-counted buffer where the packet data is
     * stored.
     * May be NULL, then the packet data is not reference-counted.
     */
    AVBufferRef *buf;
    /**
     * Presentation timestamp in AVStream->time_base units; the time at which
     * the decompressed packet will be presented to the user.
     * Can be AV_NOPTS_VALUE if it is not stored in the file.
     * pts MUST be larger or equal to dts as presentation cannot happen before
     * decompression, unless one wants to view hex dumps. Some formats misuse
     * the terms dts and pts/cts to mean something different. Such timestamps
     * must be converted to true pts/dts before they are stored in AVPacket.
     */
    int64_t pts;
    /**
     * Decompression timestamp in AVStream->time_base units; the time at which
     * the packet is decompressed.
     * Can be AV_NOPTS_VALUE if it is not stored in the file.
     */
    int64_t dts;
    uint8_t *data;
    int   size;
    int   stream_index;
    /**
     * A combination of AV_PKT_FLAG values
     */
    int   flags;
    /**
     * Additional packet data that can be provided by the container.
     * Packet can contain several types of side information.
     */
    AVPacketSideData *side_data;
    int side_data_elems;

    /**
     * Duration of this packet in AVStream->time_base units, 0 if unknown.
     * Equals next_pts - this_pts in presentation order.
     */
    int64_t duration;

    int64_t pos;                            ///< byte position in stream, -1 if unknown

    /**
     * for some private data of the user
     */
    void *opaque;

    /**
     * AVBufferRef for free use by the API user. FFmpeg will never check the
     * contents of the buffer ref. FFmpeg calls av_buffer_unref() on it when
     * the packet is unreferenced. av_packet_copy_props() calls create a new
     * reference with av_buffer_ref() for the target packet's opaque_ref field.
     *
     * This is unrelated to the opaque field, although it serves a similar
     * purpose.
     */
    AVBufferRef *opaque_ref;

    /**
     * Time base of the packet's timestamps.
     * In the future, this field may be set on packets output by encoders or
     * demuxers, but its value will be by default ignored on input to decoders
     * or muxers.
     */
    AVRational time_base;
} AVPacket;

AVPacket 几个重要的变量

AVBufferRef *buf;一个指针,指向一个buf空间，这个空间是用来存储引用计数的。用的时候+1，删除的时候-1。

uint8_t *data：压缩编码的数据。

例如对于H.264来说。1个AVPacket的data通常对应一个NAL。

注意：在这里只是对应，而不是一模一样。他们之间有微小的差别：使用FFMPEG类库分离出多媒体文件中的H.264码流

因此在使用FFMPEG进行视音频处理的时候，常常可以将得到的AVPacket的data数据直接写成文件，从而得到视音频的码流文件。

int   size：data的大小

int64_t pts：显示时间戳

int64_t dts：解码时间戳

int   stream_index：标识该AVPacket所属的视频/音频流。

DTS、PTS概述

    /**
     * Presentation timestamp in AVStream->time_base units; the time at which
     * the decompressed packet will be presented to the user.
     * Can be AV_NOPTS_VALUE if it is not stored in the file.
     * pts MUST be larger or equal to dts as presentation cannot happen before
     * decompression, unless one wants to view hex dumps. Some formats misuse
     * the terms dts and pts/cts to mean something different. Such timestamps
     * must be converted to true pts/dts before they are stored in AVPacket.
     */
    int64_t pts;

PTS（Presentation Time Stamp）：即显示时间戳，这个时间戳用来告诉播放器该在什么时候显示这一帧的数据。

    /**
     * Decompression timestamp in AVStream->time_base units; the time at which
     * the packet is decompressed.
     * Can be AV_NOPTS_VALUE if it is not stored in the file.
     */
    int64_t dts;

DTS（Decoding Time Stamp）：即解码时间戳，这个时间戳的意义在于告诉播放器该在什么时候解码这一帧的数据。

要深入理解PTS，DTS，需要了解一下视频编码的知识。如视频编码之I，P，B帧。

也可以用VideoEye工具分析。

参考

FFMPEG结构体分析：AVFrame
FFMPEG结构体分析：AVFormatContext
FFMPEG结构体分析：AVCodecContext
FFMPEG结构体分析：AVIOContext
FFMPEG结构体分析：AVCodec
FFMPEG结构体分析：AVStream
FFMPEG结构体分析：AVPacket