zstd 压缩算法

1.    Ztsandard介绍

Zstandard（或Zstd）是由Facebook的Yann Collet开发的一个无损数据压缩算法，Zstandard在设计上与DEFLATE（.zip、gzip）算法有着差不多的压缩比，但有更高的压缩和解压缩速度。在其官网(https://github.com/facebook/zstd)给出的性能测试中，Zstandard比snappy、lzo等算法有较高的优势。

Compressor name	Ratio	Compression	Decompress.
zstd 1.4.5 -1	2.884	500 MB/s	1660 MB/s
zlib 1.2.11 -1	2.743	90 MB/s	400 MB/s
brotli 1.0.7 -0	2.703	400 MB/s	450 MB/s
zstd 1.4.5 --fast=1	2.434	570 MB/s	2200 MB/s
zstd 1.4.5 --fast=3	2.312	640 MB/s	2300 MB/s
quicklz 1.5.0 -1	2.238	560 MB/s	710 MB/s
zstd 1.4.5 --fast=5	2.178	700 MB/s	2420 MB/s
lzo1x 2.10 -1	2.106	690 MB/s	820 MB/s
lz4 1.9.2	2.101	740 MB/s	4530 MB/s
zstd 1.4.5 --fast=7	2.096	750 MB/s	2480 MB/s
lzf 3.6 -1	2.077	410 MB/s	860 MB/s
snappy 1.1.8	2.073	560 MB/s	1790 MB/s

       Zstd算法可以通过参数--fast来权衡压缩比与解压缩速度。解压速度越高，压缩比约低。Hive3.1.1中Orc默认采用zlib作为压缩算法（OrcConfig类中orc.compress参数指定），parquet格式默认不压缩。Zstd在最高压缩率的情况下，其压缩速度是zlib的5.56倍，解压速度是其4.15倍。所以如果hive的orc和parquet格式默认采用zstd算法，那么在hive的map读数据阶段，可以极大的减少数据解压耗时，在reduce阶段，减少数据压缩的耗时，在整体上可以提升hive的性能。

2.    Hadoop开启Zstd压缩能力

HADOOP-13578(https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HADOOP-13578) 在Hadoop3中增加了Zstd压缩本地库，需要依赖facebook的Zstd库。编译Hadoop时开启Zstd本地库编译的步骤如下：

1.     下载编译并安装Zstd依赖库

wget https://github.com/facebook/zstd/releases/download/v1.4.4/zstd-1.4.4.tar.gz tar -xzf zstd-1.4.4.tar.gz cd zstd-1.4.4 make && make install

2.     编译Hadoop3时默认是不开启的，需要在maven参数中设置相关开启参数。

mvn clean package -Dzstd.lib=/usr/local/lib   -Dbundle.zstd=true

参数zstd.lib指向本地库中zstd依赖，使用bundle.zstd表示开启编译zstd,如果本地zstd库找不到，编译会失败。

3.    Hive orc格式设置ZSTD为默认压缩算法。

ORC-363(https://jira.apache.org/jira/browse/ORC-363)增加了zStandard压缩算法，影响版本1.6。hive-3.1.1版本中使用orc-1.5.1，需要升级为orc-1.6.3（当前hive不支持orc-1.6）。

       在hive中设置ORC格式的压缩算法有两种方式：1.建表时在TBLPROPERTIES中增加属性”orc.compress”=”ZSTD” ; 2.设置hive参数hive.exec.orc.default.compress=ZSTD。第一中方式需要对每张表进行设置，第二种方式是针对hive全局设置的，比较方便。因此在hive-site.xml中做如下的配置即可开启ORC的ZSTD压缩算法。

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="color:#cccccc"><code class="language-javascript"><span style="color:#67cdcc"><</span>property<span style="color:#67cdcc">></span>
    <span style="color:#67cdcc"><</span>name<span style="color:#67cdcc">></span>hive<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span>exec<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span>orc<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span>default<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span>compress<span style="color:#67cdcc"><</span><span style="color:#67cdcc">/</span>name<span style="color:#67cdcc">></span>
    <span style="color:#67cdcc"><</span>value<span style="color:#67cdcc">></span><span style="color:#f8c555">ZSTD</span><span style="color:#67cdcc"><</span><span style="color:#67cdcc">/</span>value<span style="color:#67cdcc">></span>
    <span style="color:#67cdcc"><</span>description<span style="color:#67cdcc">></span>orc<span style="color:#67cdcc">-</span><span style="color:#f08d49">1.6</span><span style="color:#f08d49">.0</span>可选的值：<span style="color:#f8c555">NONE</span><span style="color:#cccccc">,</span><span style="color:#f8c555">ZLIB</span><span style="color:#cccccc">,</span><span style="color:#f8c555">SNAPPY</span><span style="color:#cccccc">,</span><span style="color:#f8c555">LZO</span><span style="color:#cccccc">,</span><span style="color:#f8c555">LZ4</span><span style="color:#cccccc">,</span><span style="color:#f8c555">ZSTD</span><span style="color:#67cdcc"><</span><span style="color:#67cdcc">/</span>description<span style="color:#67cdcc">></span>
<span style="color:#67cdcc"><</span><span style="color:#67cdcc">/</span>property<span style="color:#67cdcc">></span></code></span></span>

 

4.    Hive parquet格式设置ZSTD为默认压缩算法

Hive Parquet默认不采用压缩算法，有两种方式可以修改压缩算法：

1.在TBLPROPERTIES中设置参数”parquet.compression”=”zstd”;

2.设置Hadoop的参数来指定parquet压缩算法，

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="color:#cccccc"><code class="language-javascript"><span style="color:#67cdcc"><</span>property<span style="color:#67cdcc">></span>
    <span style="color:#67cdcc"><</span>name<span style="color:#67cdcc">></span> mapreduce<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span>output<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span>fileoutputformat<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span>compress   <span style="color:#67cdcc"><</span><span style="color:#67cdcc">/</span>name<span style="color:#67cdcc">></span>
    <span style="color:#67cdcc"><</span>value<span style="color:#67cdcc">></span><span style="color:#f08d49">true</span><span style="color:#67cdcc"><</span><span style="color:#67cdcc">/</span>value<span style="color:#67cdcc">></span>
<span style="color:#67cdcc"><</span><span style="color:#67cdcc">/</span>property<span style="color:#67cdcc">></span>
<span style="color:#67cdcc"><</span>property<span style="color:#67cdcc">></span>
    <span style="color:#67cdcc"><</span>name<span style="color:#67cdcc">></span> mapreduce<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span>output<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span>fileoutputformat<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span>compress<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span>codec <span style="color:#67cdcc"><</span><span style="color:#67cdcc">/</span>name<span style="color:#67cdcc">></span>
    <span style="color:#67cdcc"><</span>value<span style="color:#67cdcc">></span> org<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span>apache<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span>hadoop<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span>io<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span>compress<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span>ZStandardCodec<span style="color:#67cdcc"><</span><span style="color:#67cdcc">/</span>value<span style="color:#67cdcc">></span>
<span style="color:#67cdcc"><</span><span style="color:#67cdcc">/</span>property<span style="color:#67cdcc">></span></code></span></span>

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