IPC 机制Binder 剖析

转自李先静

o IBinder接口

IBinder接口是对跨进程的对象的抽象。普通对象在当前进程可以访问,如果希望对象能被其它进程访问,那就必须实现IBinder接口。IBinder接口可以指向本地对象,也可以指向远程对象,调用者不需要关心指向的对象是本地的还是远程。

transact是IBinder接口中一个比较重要的函数,它的函数原型如下:

virtual status_t transact(
uint32_t code,
 const
 Parcel&
 data,
 Parcel*
 reply,
 uint32_t flags =
 0
)
 =
 0
;

android中的IPC的基本模型是基于客户/服务器(C/S)架构的。

客户端请求通过内核模块中转服务端

如果IBinder指向的是一个客户端代理,那transact只是把请求发送给服务器。服务端的IBinder的transact则提供了实际的服务。

o 客户端

BpBinder是远程对象在当前进程的代理,它实现了IBinder接口。它的transact函数实现如下:

status_t BpBinder::
transact
(

uint32_t code, const Parcel& data, Parcel* reply, uint32_t flags)
{
// Once a binder has died, it will never come back to life.
if ( mAlive) {
status_t status = IPCThreadState:: self ( ) -> transact(
mHandle, code, data, reply, flags) ;
if ( status == DEAD_OBJECT) mAlive = 0 ;
return status;
}
 
return DEAD_OBJECT;
}

参数说明:

  • code 是请求的ID号。
  • data 是请求的参数。
  • reply 是返回的结果。
  • flags 一些额外的标识,如FLAG_ONEWAY。通常为0。

transact只是简单的调用了IPCThreadState::self()的transact,在IPCThreadState::transact中:

status_t IPCThreadState::
transact
(
int32_t handle,

uint32_t code, const Parcel& data,
Parcel* reply, uint32_t flags)
{
status_t err = data.errorCheck ( ) ;
 
flags |= TF_ACCEPT_FDS;
 
IF_LOG_TRANSACTIONS( ) {
TextOutput:: Bundle _b( alog) ;
alog << "BC_TRANSACTION thr " << ( void * ) pthread_self( ) << " / hand "
<< handle << " / code " << TypeCode( code) << ": "
<< indent << data << dedent << endl;
}
 
if ( err == NO_ERROR) {
LOG_ONEWAY( ">>>> SEND from pid %d uid %d %s" , getpid( ) , getuid( ) ,
( flags & TF_ONE_WAY) == 0 ? "READ REPLY" : "ONE WAY" ) ;
err = writeTransactionData( BC_TRANSACTION, flags, handle, code, data, NULL) ;
}
 
if ( err != NO_ERROR) {
if ( reply) reply-> setError( err) ;
return ( mLastError = err) ;
}
 
if ( ( flags & TF_ONE_WAY) == 0 ) {
if ( reply) {
err = waitForResponse( reply) ;
} else {
Parcel fakeReply;
err = waitForResponse( & fakeReply) ;
}
 
IF_LOG_TRANSACTIONS( ) {
TextOutput:: Bundle _b( alog) ;
alog << "BR_REPLY thr " << ( void * ) pthread_self( ) << " / hand "
<< handle << ": " ;
if ( reply) alog << indent << * reply << dedent << endl;
else alog << "(none requested)" << endl;
}
} else {
err = waitForResponse( NULL, NULL) ;
}
 
return err;
}
 
status_t IPCThreadState:: waitForResponse ( Parcel * reply, status_t * acquireResult)
{
int32_t cmd;
int32_t err;
 
while ( 1 ) {
if ( ( err= talkWithDriver( ) ) < NO_ERROR) break ;
err = mIn.errorCheck ( ) ;
if ( err < NO_ERROR) break ;
if ( mIn.dataAvail ( ) == 0 ) continue ;
 
cmd = mIn.readInt32 ( ) ;
 
IF_LOG_COMMANDS( ) {
alog << "Processing waitForResponse Command: "
<< getReturnString( cmd) << endl;
}
 
switch ( cmd) {
case BR_TRANSACTION_COMPLETE:
if ( ! reply && ! acquireResult) goto finish;
break ;
 
case BR_DEAD_REPLY:
err = DEAD_OBJECT;
goto finish;
 
case BR_FAILED_REPLY:
err = FAILED_TRANSACTION;
goto finish;
 
case BR_ACQUIRE_RESULT:
{
LOG_ASSERT( acquireResult != NULL, "Unexpected brACQUIRE_RESULT" ) ;
const int32_t result = mIn.readInt32 ( ) ;
if ( ! acquireResult) continue ;
* acquireResult = result ? NO_ERROR : INVALID_OPERATION;
}
goto finish;
 
case BR_REPLY:
{
binder_transaction_data tr;
err = mIn.read ( & tr, sizeof ( tr) ) ;
LOG_ASSERT( err == NO_ERROR, "Not enough command data for brREPLY" ) ;
if ( err != NO_ERROR) goto finish;
 
if ( reply) {
if ( ( tr.flags & TF_STATUS_CODE) == 0 ) {
reply-> ipcSetDataReference(
reinterpret_cast( tr.data .ptr .buffer ) ,
tr.data_size ,
reinterpret_cast( tr.data .ptr .offsets ) ,
tr.offsets_size / sizeof ( size_t) ,
freeBuffer, this) ;
} else {
err = * static_cast( tr.data .ptr .buffer ) ;
freeBuffer( NULL,
reinterpret_cast( tr.data .ptr .buffer ) ,
tr.data_size ,
reinterpret_cast( tr.data .ptr .offsets ) ,
tr.offsets_size / sizeof ( size_t) , this) ;
}
} else {
freeBuffer( NULL,
reinterpret_cast( tr.data .ptr .buffer ) ,
tr.data_size ,
reinterpret_cast( tr.data .ptr .offsets ) ,
tr.offsets_size / sizeof ( size_t) , this) ;
continue ;
}
}
goto finish;
 
default :
err = executeCommand( cmd) ;
if ( err != NO_ERROR) goto finish;
break ;
}
}
 
finish:
if ( err != NO_ERROR) {
if ( acquireResult) * acquireResult = err;
if ( reply) reply-> setError( err) ;
mLastError = err;
}
 
return err;
}

这里transact把请求经内核模块发送了给服务端,服务端处理完请求之后,沿原路返回结果给调用者。这里也可以看出请求是同步操作,它会等待直到结果返回为止。

在BpBinder之上进行简单包装,我们可以得到与服务对象相同的接口,调用者无需要关心调用的对象是远程的还是本地的。拿ServiceManager来说:
(frameworks/base/libs/utils/IServiceManager.cpp)

class BpServiceManager :
 public BpInterface
{
public:
BpServiceManager( const sp& impl)
: BpInterface( impl)
{
}
...
virtual status_t addService( const String16& name, const sp& service)
{
Parcel data, reply;
data.writeInterfaceToken ( IServiceManager:: getInterfaceDescriptor ( ) ) ;
data.writeString16 ( name) ;
data.writeStrongBinder ( service) ;
status_t err = remote( ) -> transact( ADD_SERVICE_TRANSACTION, data, & reply) ;
return err == NO_ERROR ? reply.readInt32 ( ) : err;
}
...
} ;

BpServiceManager实现了 IServiceManager和IBinder两个接口,调用者可以把BpServiceManager的对象看作是一个 IServiceManager对象或者IBinder对象。当调用者把BpServiceManager对象当作IServiceManager对象使 用时,所有的请求只是对BpBinder::transact的封装。这样的封装使得调用者不需要关心IServiceManager对象是本地的还是远 程的了。

客户通过defaultServiceManager函数来创建BpServiceManager对象:
(frameworks/base/libs/utils/IServiceManager.cpp)

sp<
IServiceManager>
 defaultServiceManager(
)

{
if ( gDefaultServiceManager != NULL) return gDefaultServiceManager;
 
{
AutoMutex _l( gDefaultServiceManagerLock) ;
if ( gDefaultServiceManager == NULL) {
gDefaultServiceManager = interface_cast< IServiceManager> (
ProcessState:: self ( ) -> getContextObject( NULL) ) ;
}
}
 
return gDefaultServiceManager;
}

先通过ProcessState::self()->getContextObject(NULL)创建一个Binder对象,然后通过 interface_cast和IMPLEMENT_META_INTERFACE(ServiceManager, “android.os.IServiceManager”)把Binder对象包装成 IServiceManager对象。原理上等同于创建了一个BpServiceManager对象。

ProcessState::self()->getContextObject调用ProcessState::getStrongProxyForHandle创建代理对象:

sp<
IBinder>
 ProcessState::
getStrongProxyForHandle
(
int32_t handle)

{
sp< IBinder> result;
 
AutoMutex _l( mLock) ;
 
handle_entry* e = lookupHandleLocked( handle) ;
 
if ( e != NULL) {
// We need to create a new BpBinder if there isn't currently one, OR we
// are unable to acquire a weak reference on this current one. See comment
// in getWeakProxyForHandle() for more info about this.
IBinder* b = e-> binder;
if ( b == NULL || ! e-> refs-> attemptIncWeak( this) ) {
b = new BpBinder( handle) ;
e-> binder = b;
if ( b) e-> refs = b-> getWeakRefs( ) ;
result = b;
} else {
// This little bit of nastyness is to allow us to add a primary
// reference to the remote proxy when this team doesn't have one
// but another team is sending the handle to us.
result.force_set ( b) ;
e-> refs-> decWeak( this) ;
}
}
 
return result;
}

如果handle为空,默认为context_manager对象,context_manager实际上就是ServiceManager。
o 服务端
服务端也要实现IBinder接口,BBinder类对IBinder接口提供了部分默认实现,其中transact的实现如下:

status_t BBinder::
transact
(

uint32_t code, const Parcel& data, Parcel* reply, uint32_t flags)
{
data.setDataPosition ( 0 ) ;
 
status_t err = NO_ERROR;
switch ( code) {
case PING_TRANSACTION:
reply-> writeInt32( pingBinder( ) ) ;
break ;
default :
err = onTransact( code, data, reply, flags) ;
break ;
}
 
if ( reply != NULL) {
reply-> setDataPosition( 0 ) ;
}
 
return err;
}

PING_TRANSACTION请求用来检查对象是否还存在,这里简单的把 pingBinder的返回值返回给调用者。其它的请求交给onTransact处理。onTransact是BBinder里声明的一个 protected类型的虚函数,这个要求它的子类去实现。比如CameraService里的实现如下:

status_t CameraService::
onTransact
(

uint32_t code, const Parcel& data, Parcel* reply, uint32_t flags)
{
// permission checks...
switch ( code) {
case BnCameraService:: CONNECT :
IPCThreadState* ipc = IPCThreadState:: self ( ) ;
const int pid = ipc-> getCallingPid( ) ;
const int self_pid = getpid( ) ;
if ( pid != self_pid) {
// we're called from a different process, do the real check
if ( ! checkCallingPermission(
String16( "android.permission.CAMERA" ) ) )
{
const int uid = ipc-> getCallingUid( ) ;
LOGE( "Permission Denial: "
"can't use the camera pid=%d, uid=%d" , pid, uid) ;
return PERMISSION_DENIED;
}
}
break ;
}
 
status_t err = BnCameraService:: onTransact ( code, data, reply, flags) ;
 
LOGD( "+++ onTransact err %d code %d" , err, code) ;
 
if ( err == UNKNOWN_TRANSACTION || err == PERMISSION_DENIED) {
// the 'service' command interrogates this binder for its name, and then supplies it
// even for the debugging commands. that means we need to check for it here, using
// ISurfaceComposer (since we delegated the INTERFACE_TRANSACTION handling to
// BnSurfaceComposer before falling through to this code).
 
LOGD( "+++ onTransact code %d" , code) ;
 
CHECK_INTERFACE( ICameraService, data, reply) ;
 
switch ( code) {
case 1000 :
{
if ( gWeakHeap != 0 ) {
sp h = gWeakHeap.promote ( ) ;
IMemoryHeap * p = gWeakHeap.unsafe_get ( ) ;
LOGD( "CHECKING WEAK REFERENCE %p (%p)" , h.get ( ) , p) ;
if ( h != 0 )
h-> printRefs( ) ;
bool attempt_to_delete = data.readInt32 ( ) == 1 ;
if ( attempt_to_delete) {
// NOT SAFE!
LOGD( "DELETING WEAK REFERENCE %p (%p)" , h.get ( ) , p) ;
if ( p) delete p;
}
return NO_ERROR;
}
}
break ;
default :
break ;
}
}
return err;
}

由此可见,服务端的onTransact是一个请求分发函数,它根据请求码(code)做相应的处理。

o 消息循环

服务端(任何进程都可以作为服务端)有一个线程监听来自客户端的请求,并循环处理这些请求。

如果在主线程中处理请求,可以直接调用下面的函数:

IPCThreadState::
self
(
)
->
joinThreadPool(
mIsMain)
;

如果想在非主线程中处理请求,可以按下列方式:

        sp
proc = ProcessState:: self ( ) ;
if ( proc-> supportsProcesses( ) ) {
LOGV( "App process: starting thread pool./n " ) ;
proc-> startThreadPool( ) ;
}

startThreadPool的实现原理:

void
 ProcessState::
startThreadPool
(
)

{
AutoMutex _l( mLock) ;
if ( ! mThreadPoolStarted) {
mThreadPoolStarted = true ;
spawnPooledThread( true ) ;
}
}
 
void ProcessState:: spawnPooledThread ( bool isMain)
{
if ( mThreadPoolStarted) {
int32_t s = android_atomic_add( 1 , & mThreadPoolSeq) ;
char buf[ 32 ] ;
sprintf( buf, "Binder Thread #%d" , s) ;
LOGV( "Spawning new pooled thread, name=%s/n " , buf) ;
sp
t = new PoolThread( isMain) ;
t-> run( buf) ;
}
}

这里创建了PoolThread的对象,实现上就是创建了一个线程。所有的线程类都要实现threadLoop虚函数。PoolThread的threadLoop的实现如下:

    virtual bool threadLoop(
)

{
IPCThreadState:: self ( ) -> joinThreadPool( mIsMain) ;
return false ;
}

上述代码,简而言之就是创建了一个线程,然后在线程里调用 IPCThreadState::self()->joinThreadPool函数。

下面再看joinThreadPool的实现:

do

{
...
result = talkWithDriver( ) ;
if ( result >= NO_ERROR) {
size_t IN = mIn.dataAvail ( ) ;
if ( IN < sizeof ( int32_t) ) continue ;
cmd = mIn.readInt32 ( ) ;
IF_LOG_COMMANDS( ) {
alog << "Processing top-level Command: "
<< getReturnString( cmd) << endl;
}
result = executeCommand( cmd) ;
}
...
while ( ...) ;

这个函数在循环中重复执行下列动作:

  1. talkWithDriver 通过ioctl(mProcess->mDriverFD, BINDER_WRITE_READ, &bwr)读取请求和写回结果。
  2. executeCommand 执行相应的请求

在IPCThreadState::executeCommand(int32_t cmd)函数中:

  1. 对于控制对象生命周期的请求,像BR_ACQUIRE/BR_RELEASE直接做了处理。
  2. 对于BR_TRANSACTION请求,它调用被请求对象的transact函数。

按下列方式调用实际的对象:

if
 (
tr.target
.ptr
)
 {

sp< BBinder> b( ( BBinder* ) tr.cookie ) ;
const status_t error = b-> transact( tr.code , buffer, & reply, 0 ) ;
if ( error < NO_ERROR) reply.setError ( error) ;
 
} else {
const status_t error = the_context_object-> transact( tr.code , buffer, & reply, 0 ) ;
if ( error < NO_ERROR) reply.setError ( error) ;
}

如果tr.target.ptr不为空,就把tr.cookie转换成一个Binder对象,并调用它的transact函数。如果没有目标对象, 就调用 the_context_object对象的transact函数。奇怪的是,根本没有谁对the_context_object进行初始 化,the_context_object是空指针。原因是context_mgr的请求发给了ServiceManager,所以根本不会走到else 语句里来。

o 内核模块

android使用了一个内核模块binder来中转各个进程之间的消息。模块源代码放在binder.c里,它是一个字符驱动程序,主要通过 binder_ioctl与用户空间的进程交换数据。其中BINDER_WRITE_READ用来读写数据,数据包中有一个cmd域用于区分不同的请求:

  1. binder_thread_write用于发送请求或返回结果。
  2. binder_thread_read用于读取结果。

从binder_thread_write中调用binder_transaction中转请求和返回结果,binder_transaction的实现如下:

对请求的处理:

  1. 通过对象的handle找到对象所在的进程,如果handle为空就认为对象是context_mgr,把请求发给context_mgr所在的进程。
  2. 把请求中所有的binder对象全部放到一个RB树中。
  3. 把请求放到目标进程的队列中,等待目标进程读取。

如何成为context_mgr呢?内核模块提供了BINDER_SET_CONTEXT_MGR调用:

static
 long
 binder_ioctl(
struct
 file *
filp,
 unsigned
 int
 cmd,
 unsigned
 long
 arg)

{
...
case BINDER_SET_CONTEXT_MGR:
if ( binder_context_mgr_node != NULL) {
printk( KERN_ERR "binder: BINDER_SET_CONTEXT_MGR already set/n " ) ;
ret = - EBUSY;
goto err;
}
if ( binder_context_mgr_uid != - 1 ) {
if ( binder_context_mgr_uid != current-> euid) {
printk( KERN_ERR "binder: BINDER_SET_"
"CONTEXT_MGR bad uid %d != %d/n " ,
current-> euid,
binder_context_mgr_uid) ;
ret = - EPERM;
goto err;
}
} else
binder_context_mgr_uid = current-> euid;
binder_context_mgr_node = binder_new_node( proc, NULL, NULL) ;
if ( binder_context_mgr_node == NULL) {
ret = - ENOMEM;
goto err;
}
binder_context_mgr_node-> local_weak_refs++;
binder_context_mgr_node-> local_strong_refs++;
binder_context_mgr_node-> has_strong_ref = 1 ;
binder_context_mgr_node-> has_weak_ref = 1 ;
break ;

ServiceManager(frameworks/base/cmds/servicemanager)通过下列方式成为了context_mgr进程:

int
 binder_become_context_manager(
struct
 binder_state *
bs)

{
return ioctl( bs-> fd, BINDER_SET_CONTEXT_MGR, 0 ) ;
}
 
int main( int argc, char ** argv)
{
struct binder_state * bs;
void * svcmgr = BINDER_SERVICE_MANAGER;
 
bs = binder_open( 128 * 1024 ) ;
 
if ( binder_become_context_manager( bs) ) {
LOGE( "cannot become context manager (%s)/n " , strerror( errno) ) ;
return - 1 ;
}
 
svcmgr_handle = svcmgr;
binder_loop( bs, svcmgr_handler) ;
return 0 ;
}

o 如何得到服务对象的handle

  1. 服务提供者通过defaultServiceManager得到ServiceManager对象,然后调用addService向服务管理器注册。
  2. 服务使用者通过defaultServiceManager得到ServiceManager对象,然后调用getService通过服务名称查找到服务对象的handle。

o 如何通过服务对象的handle找到服务所在的进程

0表示服务管理器的handle,getService可以查找到系统服务的handle。这个handle只是代表了服务对象,内核模块是如何通过handle找到服务所在的进程的呢?

  1. 对于ServiceManager: ServiceManager调用了binder_become_context_manager使用自己成为context_mgr,所有handle为0的请求都会被转发给ServiceManager。
  2. 对于系统服务和应用程序的Listener,在第一次请求内核模块时(比如调用addService),内核模块在一个RB树中建立了服务对象和进程的对应关系。
    	off_end =
     (
    void
     *
    )
    offp +
     tr->
    offsets_size;
    
    for ( ; offp < off_end; offp++ ) {
    struct flat_binder_object * fp;
    if ( * offp > t-> buffer-> data_size - sizeof ( * fp) ) {
    binder_user_error( "binder: %d:%d got transaction with "
    "invalid offset, %d/n " ,
    proc-> pid, thread-> pid, * offp) ;
    return_error = BR_FAILED_REPLY;
    goto err_bad_offset;
    }
    fp = ( struct flat_binder_object * ) ( t-> buffer-> data + * offp) ;
    switch ( fp-> type) {
    case BINDER_TYPE_BINDER:
    case BINDER_TYPE_WEAK_BINDER: {
    struct binder_ref * ref;
    struct binder_node * node = binder_get_node( proc, fp-> binder) ;
    if ( node == NULL) {
    node = binder_new_node( proc, fp-> binder, fp-> cookie) ;
    if ( node == NULL) {
    return_error = BR_FAILED_REPLY;
    goto err_binder_new_node_failed;
    }
    node-> min_priority = fp-> flags & FLAT_BINDER_FLAG_PRIORITY_MASK;
    node-> accept_fds = !! ( fp-> flags & FLAT_BINDER_FLAG_ACCEPTS_FDS) ;
    }
    if ( fp-> cookie != node-> cookie) {
    binder_user_error( "binder: %d:%d sending u%p "
    "node %d, cookie mismatch %p != %p/n " ,
    proc-> pid, thread-> pid,
    fp-> binder, node-> debug_id,
    fp-> cookie, node-> cookie) ;
    goto err_binder_get_ref_for_node_failed;
    }
    ref = binder_get_ref_for_node( target_proc, node) ;
    if ( ref == NULL) {
    return_error = BR_FAILED_REPLY;
    goto err_binder_get_ref_for_node_failed;
    }
    if ( fp-> type == BINDER_TYPE_BINDER)
    fp-> type = BINDER_TYPE_HANDLE;
    else
    fp-> type = BINDER_TYPE_WEAK_HANDLE;
    fp-> handle = ref-> desc;
    binder_inc_ref( ref, fp-> type == BINDER_TYPE_HANDLE, & thread-> todo) ;
    if ( binder_debug_mask & BINDER_DEBUG_TRANSACTION)
    printk( KERN_INFO " node %d u%p -> ref %d desc %d/n " ,
    node-> debug_id, node-> ptr, ref-> debug_id, ref-> desc) ;
    } break ;
  3. 请求服务时,内核先通过handle找到对应的进程,然后把请求放到服务进程的队列中。

o C调用JAVA

前面我们分析的是C代码的处理。对于JAVA代码,JAVA调用C的函数通过JNI调用即可。从内核时读取请求是在C代码(executeCommand)里进行了,那如何在C代码中调用那些用JAVA实现的服务呢?

android_os_Binder_init里的JavaBBinder对Java里的Binder对象进行包装。

JavaBBinder::onTransact调用Java里的execTransact函数:

        jboolean res =
 env->
CallBooleanMethod(
mObject,
 gBinderOffsets.mExecTransact
,

code, ( int32_t) & data, ( int32_t) reply, flags) ;
jthrowable excep = env-> ExceptionOccurred( ) ;
if ( excep) {
report_exception( env, excep,
"*** Uncaught remote exception! "
"(Exceptions are not yet supported across processes.)" ) ;
res = JNI_FALSE;
 
/* clean up JNI local ref -- we don't return to Java code */
env-> DeleteLocalRef( excep) ;
}

o 广播消息

binder不提供广播消息,不过可以ActivityManagerService服务来实现广播。
(frameworks/base/core/java/android/app/ActivityManagerNative.java)

接收广播消息需要实现接口BroadcastReceiver,然后调用ActivityManagerProxy::registerReceiver注册。

触发广播调用ActivityManagerProxy::broadcastIntent。(应用程序并不直接调用它,而是调用Context对它的包装)

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