2012-10-8 11gR2 concepts page 1-32

今天开始翻阅11GR2 CONCEPTS文档。 摘要如下：

 

Brief History of Oracle Database  -- Oracle版本的历史演变

 -- Founding of Oracle -- Oracle公司的成立
In 1977, Larry Ellison, Bob Miner, and Ed Oates started the consultancy Software
Development Laboratories, which became Relational Software, Inc. (RSI). In 1983,
RSI became Oracle Systems Corporation and then later Oracle Corporation.
1977年，LARRY ELLISON与BOB MINER和ED OATES成立了ORACLE公司。

 -- First commercially available RDBMS -- 第一个商业用途数据库
In 1979, RSI introduced Oracle V2 (Version 2) as the first commercially available
SQL-based RDBMS, a landmark event in the history of relational databases.

1979年，第一个商业用途的数据库Oracle V2诞生了。

 -- Portable version of Oracle Database -- 可移植到任意平台的Oracle数据库
Oracle Version 3, released in 1983, was the first relational database to run on
mainframes, minicomputers, and PCs. The database was written in C, enabling the
database to be ported to multiple platforms.

1983年，Oracle V3,第一个关系型数据库诞生了。

 -- Enhancements to concurrency control, data distribution, and scalability -- 对数据并发，数据分发与可扩展性的提升
Version 4 introduced multiversion read consistency. Version 5, released in 1985,
supported client/server computing and distributed database systems. Version 6
brought enhancements to disk I/O, row locking, scalability, and backup and
recovery. Also, Version 6 introduced the first version of the PL/SQL language, a
proprietary procedural extension to SQL.

 -- PL/SQL stored program units -- PL/SQL语言的加入
Oracle7, released in 1992, introduced PL/SQL stored procedures and triggers.

1992年，Oracle V7加入了对PL/SQL语言的存储过程和触发器的引入。

 -- Objects and partitioning -- 对象和分区
Oracle8 was released in 1997 as the object-relational database, supporting many
new data types. Additionally, Oracle8 supported partitioning of large tables.

1997年，Oracle V8，面向对象的数据库。特别是增加了对分区的支持。

 -- Internet computing
Oracle8i Database, released in 1999, provided native support for internet protocols
and server-side support for Java. Oracle8i was designed for internet computing,
enabling the database to be deployed in a multitier environment.

1999年，Oracle 8i数据库，提供了对网络协议的支持。

 -- Oracle Real Application Clusters (Oracle RAC) -- Oracle 真实应用集群
Oracle9i Database introduced Oracle RAC in 2001, enabling multiple instances to
access a single database simultaneously. Additionally, Oracle XML Database
(Oracle XML DB) introduced the ability to store and query XML.

2001年，Oracle 9i，真实应用集群产生了。允许多份实例对应同一份数据库。

 -- Grid computing  -- 网格计算
Oracle Database 10g introduced grid computing in 2003. This release enabled
organizations to virtualize computing resources by building a grid infrastructure
based on low-cost commodity servers. A key goal was to make the database
self-managing and self-tuning. Oracle Automatic Storage Management (Oracle
ASM) helped achieve this goal by virtualizing and simplifying database storage
management.

2003年，Oracle 10g，网格数据库诞生了。

 -- Manageability, diagnosability, and availability
Oracle Database 11g, released in 2007, introduced a host of new features that
enable administrators and developers to adapt quickly to changing business
requirements. The key to adaptability is simplifying the information infrastructure
by consolidating information and using automation wherever possible.

2007年，Oracle 11g诞生了。Oracle更加容易管理。

 

Transaction Management

Data Concurrency
Oracle Database uses locks to control concurrent access to data. A lock is a mechanism
that prevents destructive interaction between transactions accessing a shared resource.
Locks help ensure data integrity while allowing maximum concurrent access to data.

数据并发。靠锁去维护。这也是我认为的数据库的精髓的地方。

 

Data Consistency
Oracle Database always enforces statement-level read consistency, which guarantees
that the data returned by a single query is committed and consistent with respect to a
single point in time. Depending on the transaction isolation level, this point is the time
at which the statement was opened or the time the transaction began. The Flashback
Query feature enables you to specify this point in time explicitly.
The database can also provide read consistency to all queries in a transaction, known
as transaction-level read consistency. In this case, each statement in a transaction sees
data from the same point in time, which is the time at which the transaction began.

数据一致性。Oracle数据库中的两种读一致性。

1. statement-level read consistency

2. transaction-level read consistency

 

Oracle Database Architecture

Database and Instance  实际上，准确的称谓是数据库服务器，它由数据库和实例组成。
An Oracle database server consists of a database and at least one database instance
(commonly referred to as simply an instance). Because an instance and a database are
so closely connected, the term Oracle database is sometimes used to refer to both
instance and database. In the strictest sense the terms have the following meanings:

Database --- 数据库由物理文件组成
A database is a set of files, located on disk, that store data. These files can exist
independently of a database instance.

Database instance -- 实例由内存结构+后台进程组成
An instance is a set of memory structures that manage database files. The instance
consists of a shared memory area, called the system global area (SGA), and a set
of background processes. An instance can exist independently of database files.

 

经典的数据库架构图

 

还看到了一个不错的章节，关于Oracle文档的阅读顺序的。

Oracle Database Documentation Roadmap

The documentation set is divided into three layers or groups: basic, intermediate, and
advanced. Users begin with the manuals in the basic group (Oracle Database 2 Day
DBA, Oracle Database 2 Day Developer's Guide, or this manual), proceed to the manuals
in the intermediate group (the 2 Day + series), and finally to the advanced manuals,
which include the remainder of the documentation set.

 

 Basic Group

 -- Oracle Database 2 Day DBA
This manual is a task-based DBA quick start that teaches you how to perform
day-to-day database administrative tasks. It teaches you how to perform all
common administrative tasks needed to keep the database operational, including
how to perform basic troubleshooting and performance monitoring activities.
 -- Oracle Database 2 Day Developer's Guide
This manual is a task-based database developer quick start guide that explains
how to use the basic features of Oracle Database through SQL and PL/SQL.

 

Intermediate Group

 

Advanced Group

 Essential reference manuals in the
advanced group include:
 -- Oracle Database SQL Language Reference
This manual is the definitive source of information about Oracle SQL.
 -- Oracle Database Reference
The manual is the definitive source of information about initialization parameters,
data dictionary views, and dynamic performance views.