C++11中std::tuple的使用

std::tuple是类似pair的模板。每个pair的成员类型都不相同，但每个pair都恰好有两个成员。

std::tuple：成员类型不同，有任意数量的成员。

当我们创建一个std::tuple对象时，可以使用tuple的默认构造函数，它会对每个成员进行值初始化；也可以为每个成员提供一个初始值，此时的构造函数是explicit的，因此必须使用直接初始化方法。类似make_pair函数，标准库定义了make_tuple函数

从0开始计数，意味着get<0>是第一个成员。

为了使用tuple_size或tuple_element，我们需要知道一个tuple对象的类型。与往常一样，确定一个对象的类型的最简单方法就是使用decltype。

std::tuple的关系和相等运算符的行为类似容器的对应操作。这些运算符逐对比较左侧tuple和右侧tuple的成员。只有两个tuple具有相同数量的成员时，我们才可以比较它们。而且，为了使用tuple的相等或不等运算符，对每对成员使用==运算符必须都是合法的；为了使用关系运算符，对每对成员使用<必须都是合法的。由于tuple定义了<和==运算符，我们可以将tuple序列传递给算法，并且可以在无序容器中将tuple作为关键字类型。

std::tuple中元素是被紧密地存储的(位于连续的内存区域)，而不是链式结构。

#include <iostream>
#include <tuple>
#include <string>
#include <functional>
#include <utility>

int test_tuple_4()
{
    { // tuple::tuple: Constructs a tuple object. This involves individually constructing its elements,
        // with an initialization that depends on the constructor form invoke
        std::tuple<int, char> first;                             // default
        std::tuple<int, char> second(first);                    // copy
        std::tuple<int, char> third(std::make_tuple(20, 'b'));   // move
        std::tuple<long, char> fourth(third);                   // implicit conversion
        std::tuple<int, char> fifth(10, 'a');                    // initialization
        std::tuple<int, char> sixth(std::make_pair(30, 'c'));    // from pair / move

        std::cout << "sixth contains: " << std::get<0>(sixth);
        std::cout << " and " << std::get<1>(sixth) << '\n';
    }

    { // std::tuple::operator=: Each of the elements in the tuple object is assigned its corresponding element
        std::pair<int, char> mypair(0, ' ');

        std::tuple<int, char> a(10, 'x');
        std::tuple<long, char> b, c;

        b = a;                                // copy assignment
        c = std::make_tuple(100L, 'Y');       // move assignment
        a = c;                                // conversion assignment
        c = std::make_tuple(100, 'z');        // conversion / move assignment
        a = mypair;                           // from pair assignment
        a = std::make_pair(2, 'b');           // form pair /move assignment
    }

    { // std::tuple::swap: (containing objects of the same types in the same order)
        std::tuple<int, char> a(10, 'x');
        std::tuple<int, char> b(20, 'y');

        a.swap(b);
        std::swap(a, b);
    }

    { // std::relational operators: Performs the appropriate comparison operation between the tuple objects lhs and rhs
        std::tuple<int, char> a(10, 'x');
        std::tuple<char, char> b(10, 'x');
        std::tuple<char, char> c(10, 'y');

        if (a == b) std::cout << "a and b are equal\n";
        if (b != c) std::cout << "b and c are not equal\n";
        if (b<c) std::cout << "b is less than c\n";
        if (c>a) std::cout << "c is greater than a\n";
        if (a <= c) std::cout << "a is less than or equal to c\n";
        if (c >= b) std::cout << "c is greater than or equal to b\n";
    }

    return 0;
}

int test_tuple_3()
{
    typedef std::tuple<int, double, int, double> Mytuple;

    Mytuple c0(0, 1, 2, 3);
    Mytuple c1;
    c1 = c0;
    std::cout << " " << std::get<3>(c1);
    std::cout << std::endl;

    typedef std::tuple<int, float, int, float> Mytuple2;

    Mytuple c4(Mytuple2(4, 5, 6, 7));

    return (0);
}

static std::tuple<double, char, std::string> get_student(int id)
{
    if (id == 1) return std::make_tuple(2.9, 'C', "Milhouse Van Houten");
    throw std::invalid_argument("id");
}

int test_tuple_2()
{
    auto student0 = get_student(0);
    //表达式之间在功能上没有差别
    //std::tie(x, y, z)  和 std::make_tuple(std::ref(x), std::ref(y), std::ref(z))
    double gpa1;
    char grade1;
    std::string name1;
    std::tie(gpa1, grade1, name1) = get_student(1);
    std::cout << "ID: 1, "
                 << "GPA: " << gpa1 << ", "
                    << "grade: " << grade1 << ", "
                       << "name: " << name1 << '\n';

    return 0;
}

static void fun(int &a)
{
    a = 15;
}

int test_tuple_1()
{
    { // std::tuple_element: class template, Class designed to access the type of the Ith element in a tuple.
        // It is a simple class with a single member type, tuple_element::type,
        // defined as an alias of the type of the Ith element in a tuple of type T.
        auto mytuple = std::make_tuple(10, 'a');

        std::tuple_element<0, decltype(mytuple)>::type first = std::get<0>(mytuple);
        std::tuple_element<1, decltype(mytuple)>::type second = std::get<1>(mytuple);
    }

    { // std::tuple_size: Class template designed to access the number of elements in a tuple
        std::tuple<int, char, double> mytuple(10, 'a', 3.14);

        std::cout << "mytuple has ";
        std::cout << std::tuple_size<decltype(mytuple)>::value;
        std::cout << " elements." << '\n';
    }

    { // std::forward_as_tuple: function template, Constructs a tuple object with rvalue references
        // to the elements in args suitable to be forwarded as argument to a function.
        std::string str("John");
        print_pack(std::forward_as_tuple(str + " Smith", 25));
        print_pack(std::forward_as_tuple(str + " Daniels", 22));
    }

    { // std::get: funtion template, Returns a reference to the Ith element of tuple tpl.
        std::tuple<int, char> mytuple(10, 'a');

        std::get<0>(mytuple) = 20;

        std::cout << "mytuple contains: ";
        std::cout << std::get<0>(mytuple) << " and " << std::get<1>(mytuple);
        std::cout << std::endl;
    }

    { // std::make_tuple: function template, Constructs an object of the appropriate tuple type
        // to contain the elements specified in args
        auto first = std::make_tuple(10, 'a');             // tuple < int, char >

        const int a = 0; int b[3];                         // decayed types:
        auto second = std::make_tuple(a, b);               // tuple < int, int* >

        auto third = std::make_tuple(std::ref(a), "abc");  // tuple < const int&, const char* >

        std::cout << "third contains: " << std::get<0>(third);
        std::cout << " and " << std::get<1>(third);
        std::cout << std::endl;
    }

    { // std::tie: function template, Constructs a tuple object whose elements are references
        // to the arguments in args, in the same order
        // std::ignore: object, This object ignores any value assigned to it. It is designed to be used as an
        // argument for tie to indicate that a specific element in a tuple should be ignored.
        int myint;
        char mychar;

        std::tuple<int, float, char> mytuple;

        mytuple = std::make_tuple(10, 2.6, 'a');          // packing values into tuple

                std::tie(myint, std::ignore, mychar) = mytuple;   // unpacking tuple into variables

                std::cout << "myint contains: " << myint << '\n';
        std::cout << "mychar contains: " << mychar << '\n';
    }

    { // std::tuple_cat: function template, Constructs an object of the appropriate tuple type
        // to contain a concatenation of the elements of all the tuples in tpls, in the same order
        std::tuple<float, std::string> mytuple(3.14, "pi");
        std::pair<int, char> mypair(10, 'a');

        auto myauto = std::tuple_cat(mytuple, std::tuple<int, char>(mypair));

        std::cout << "myauto contains: " << '\n';
        std::cout << std::get<0>(myauto) << '\n';
        std::cout << std::get<1>(myauto) << '\n';
        std::cout << std::get<2>(myauto) << '\n';
        std::cout << std::get<3>(myauto) << '\n';
    }

    { // tuple::tuple: A tuple is an object capable to hold a collection of elements.
        // Each element can be of a different type.
        std::tuple<int, char> foo(10, 'x');
        auto bar = std::make_tuple("test", 3.1, 14, 'y');

        std::get<2>(bar) = 100;                                    // access element

                int myint; char mychar;

        std::tie(myint, mychar) = foo;                            // unpack elements
                std::tie(std::ignore, std::ignore, myint, mychar) = bar;  // unpack (with ignore)

                mychar = std::get<3>(bar);

        std::get<0>(foo) = std::get<2>(bar);
        std::get<1>(foo) = mychar;

        std::cout << "foo contains: ";
        std::cout << std::get<0>(foo) << ' ';
        std::cout << std::get<1>(foo) << '\n';
    }

    {
        std::tuple<int, char> foo{ 12, 'a' };
        std::cout << std::get<0>(foo) << "\n"; // 12
        fun(std::get<0>(foo));
        std::cout << std::get<0>(foo) << "\n"; // 15
    }

    return 0;
}