C++_3——库（numeric、limits、math）

  这一系列文章的目的是在学习了C++基础后，继续补充一些C++基础和进阶的知识点，包括C++11的相关内容。
以C++11标准为基础。

limits

这个库给出了编译平台的一些算数类型的属性

std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity();   	// 返回 double的正无穷大
std::numeric_limits<int>::min();			// 返回 int的最小值
std::numeric_limits<int>::max();			// 返回 int的最大值
std::numeric_limits<int>::is_signed;		// 判断类型有无符号，返回bool
std::numeric_limits<int>::has_infinity;		// 判断类型是否存在正无穷的表示
std::numeric_limits<double>::epsilon();		// 返回 1与可表示的大于1的最小值之间的差 近似的0

C++数学库numeric

1. 累积 accumulate，可自定义求和方式

#include <iostream>     // std::cout
#include <functional>   // std::minus
#include <numeric>      // std::accumulate

int myfunction (int x, int y) {return x+2*y;}
struct myclass {
	int operator()(int x, int y) {return x+3*y;}
} myobject;

int main () {
  int init = 100;
  int numbers[] = {10,20,30};

  std::cout << "using default accumulate: ";
  std::cout << std::accumulate(numbers,numbers+3,init);
  std::cout << '\n';

  std::cout << "using functional's minus: ";
  std::cout << std::accumulate (numbers, numbers+3, init, std::minus<int>());
  std::cout << '\n';

  std::cout << "using custom function: ";
  std::cout << std::accumulate (numbers, numbers+3, init, myfunction);
  std::cout << '\n';

  std::cout << "using custom object: ";
  std::cout << std::accumulate (numbers, numbers+3, init, myobject);
  std::cout << '\n';

  return 0;
}

using default accumulate: 160
using functional's minus: 40
using custom function: 220
using custom object: 280

2. 计算相邻 adjacent_difference，

#include <iostream>     // std::cout
#include <functional>   // std::multiplies
#include <numeric>      // std::adjacent_difference

int myop (int x, int y) {return x+y;}

int main () {
  int val[] = {1,2,3,5,9,11,12};
  int result[7];

  std::adjacent_difference (val, val+7, result);
  std::cout << "using default adjacent_difference: ";
  for (int i=0; i<7; i++) std::cout << result[i] << ' ';
  std::cout << '\n';

  std::adjacent_difference (val, val+7, result, std::multiplies<int>());
  std::cout << "using functional operation multiplies: ";
  for (int i=0; i<7; i++) std::cout << result[i] << ' ';
  std::cout << '\n';

  std::adjacent_difference (val, val+7, result, myop);
  std::cout << "using custom function: ";
  for (int i=0; i<7; i++) std::cout << result[i] << ' ';
  std::cout << '\n';
  return 0;
}

using default adjacent_difference: 1 1 1 2 4 2 1
using functional operation multiplies: 1 2 6 15 45 99 132
using custom function: 1 3 5 8 14 20 23

3. 计算内积 inner_product

#include <iostream>     // std::cout
#include <functional>   // std::minus, std::divides
#include <numeric>      // std::inner_product

int myaccumulator (int x, int y) {return x-y;}
int myproduct (int x, int y) {return x+y;}

int main () {
  int init = 100;
  int series1[] = {10,20,30};
  int series2[] = {1,2,3};

  std::cout << "using default inner_product: ";
  std::cout << std::inner_product(series1,series1+3,series2,init);
  std::cout << '\n';

  std::cout << "using functional operations: ";
  std::cout << std::inner_product(series1,series1+3,series2,init,
                                  std::minus<int>(),std::divides<int>());
  std::cout << '\n';

  std::cout << "using custom functions: ";
  std::cout << std::inner_product(series1,series1+3,series2,init,
                                  myaccumulator,myproduct);
  std::cout << '\n';

  return 0;
}

using default inner_product: 240
using functional operations: 70
using custom functions: 34

4. 计算部分和 partial_sum

#include <iostream>     // std::cout
#include <functional>   // std::multiplies
#include <numeric>      // std::partial_sum

int myop (int x, int y) {return x+y+1;}

int main () {
  int val[] = {1,2,3,4,5};
  int result[5];

  std::partial_sum (val, val+5, result);
  std::cout << "using default partial_sum: ";
  for (int i=0; i<5; i++) std::cout << result[i] << ' ';
  std::cout << '\n';

  std::partial_sum (val, val+5, result, std::multiplies<int>());
  std::cout << "using functional operation multiplies: ";
  for (int i=0; i<5; i++) std::cout << result[i] << ' ';
  std::cout << '\n';

  std::partial_sum (val, val+5, result, myop);
  std::cout << "using custom function: ";
  for (int i=0; i<5; i++) std::cout << result[i] << ' ';
  std::cout << '\n';
  return 0;
}

using default partial_sum: 1 3 6 10 15
using functional operation multiplies: 1 2 6 24 120
using custom function: 1 4 8 13 19

5. iota
   Store increasing sequence (function template )

C数学库math.h

1. gamma函数

	#include <math.h>
 	double tgamma (double x);
    float tgamma (float x);
	long double tgamma (long double x);
    double tgamma (T x);           // additional overloads for integral types

2. 取整

	// floor向下取整
		cout<<floor(4.4)<<endl;//4 
		cout<<floor(4.5)<<endl;//4
	//   ceil向上取整
		cout<<ceil(4.4)<<endl;//5 
		cout<<ceil(4.5)<<endl;//5
	// round四舍五入
		cout<<round(4.4)<<endl;//4
		cout<<round(4.5)<<endl;//5
	// 返回的是double，不是int

3. atan与atan2

atan(dy/dx);	// 返回角度范围是[-pi/2 , pi/2]
atan2 (y,x);	// 返回角度范围是[-pi , pi]