优先队列学习

接口

top 访问队头元素
empty 队列是否为空
size 返回队列内元素个数
push 插入元素到队尾 (并排序)
emplace 原地构造一个元素并插入队列
pop 弹出队头元素
swap 交换内容

定义

template<
    class T,
    class Container = std::vector<T>,
    class Compare = std::less<typename Container::value_type>
> class priority_queue;

A priority queue is a container adaptor that provides constant time lookup of the largest (by default) element, at the expense of logarithmic insertion and extraction.

A user-provided Compare can be supplied to change the ordering, e.g. using std::greater would cause the smallest element to appear as the top().

Working with a priority_queue is similar to managing a heap in some random access container, with the benefit of not being able to accidentally invalidate the heap.

//升序队列
priority_queue <int,vector<int>,greater<int> > q;
//降序队列
priority_queue <int,vector<int>,less<int> >q;

//greater和less是std实现的两个仿函数（就是使一个类的使用看上去像一个函数。其实现就是类中实现一个operator()，这个类就有了类似函数的行为，就是一个仿函数类了）

举例

基本类型

#include<iostream>
#include <queue>
using namespace std;
int main() 
{
    //对于基础类型 默认是大顶堆
    priority_queue<int> a; 
    //等同于 priority_queue<int, vector<int>, less<int> > a;
    
  
    priority_queue<int, vector<int>, greater<int> > c;  //这样就是小顶堆
    priority_queue<string> b;

    for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) 
    {
        a.push(i);
        c.push(i);
    }
    while (!a.empty()) 
    {
        cout << a.top() << ' ';
        a.pop();
    } 
    cout << endl;

    while (!c.empty()) 
    {
        cout << c.top() << ' ';
        c.pop();
    }
    cout << endl;

    b.push("abc");
    b.push("abcd");
    b.push("cbd");
    while (!b.empty()) 
    {
        cout << b.top() << ' ';
        b.pop();
    } 
    cout << endl;
    return 0;
}
output:
4 3 2 1 0
0 1 2 3 4
cbd abcd abc

pair类型

#include <iostream>
#include <queue>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;
int main() 
{
    priority_queue<pair<int, int> > a;
    pair<int, int> b(1, 2);
    pair<int, int> c(1, 3);
    pair<int, int> d(2, 5);
    a.push(d);
    a.push(c);
    a.push(b);
    while (!a.empty()) 
    {
        cout << a.top().first << ' ' << a.top().second << '\n';
        a.pop();
    }
}
output:
2 5
1 3
1 2

自定义类型

#include <iostream>
#include <queue>
using namespace std;

//方法1
struct tmp1 //运算符重载<
{
    int x;
    tmp1(int a) {x = a;}
    bool operator<(const tmp1& a) const
    {
        return x < a.x; //大顶堆
    }
};

//方法2
struct tmp2 //重写仿函数
{
    bool operator() (tmp1 a, tmp1 b) 
    {
        return a.x < b.x; //大顶堆
    }
};

int main() 
{
    tmp1 a(1);
    tmp1 b(2);
    tmp1 c(3);
    priority_queue<tmp1> d;
    d.push(b);
    d.push(c);
    d.push(a);
    while (!d.empty()) 
    {
        cout << d.top().x << '\n';
        d.pop();
    }
    cout << endl;

    priority_queue<tmp1, vector<tmp1>, tmp2> f;
    f.push(c);
    f.push(b);
    f.push(a);
    while (!f.empty()) 
    {
        cout << f.top().x << '\n';
        f.pop();
    }
}
output:
3
2
1

3
2
1

官网案例

#include <functional>
#include <iostream>
#include <queue>
#include <string_view>
#include <vector>
 
template<typename T>
void print(std::string_view name, T const& q)
{
    std::cout << name << ": \t";
    for (auto const& n : q)
        std::cout << n << ' ';
    std::cout << '\n';
}
 
template<typename Q>
void print_queue(std::string_view name, Q q)
{
    // NB: q is passed by value because there is no way to traverse
    // priority_queue's content without erasing the queue.
    for (std::cout << name << ": \t"; !q.empty(); q.pop())
        std::cout << q.top() << ' ';
    std::cout << '\n';
}
 
int main()
{
    const auto data = {1, 8, 5, 6, 3, 4, 0, 9, 7, 2};
    print("data", data);
 
    std::priority_queue<int> q1; // Max priority queue
    for (int n : data)
        q1.push(n);
 
    print_queue("q1", q1);
 
    // Min priority queue
    // std::greater<int> makes the max priority queue act as a min priority queue
    std::priority_queue<int, std::vector<int>, std::greater<int>>
        minq1(data.begin(), data.end());
 
    print_queue("minq1", minq1);
 
    // Second way to define a min priority queue
    std::priority_queue minq2(data.begin(), data.end(), std::greater<int>());
 
    print_queue("minq2", minq2);
 
    // Using a custom function object to compare elements.
    struct
    {
        bool operator()(const int l, const int r) const { return l > r; }
    } customLess;
    std::priority_queue minq3(data.begin(), data.end(), customLess);
 
    print_queue("minq3", minq3);
 
    // Using lambda to compare elements.
    auto cmp = [](int left, int right) { return (left ^ 1) < (right ^ 1); };
    std::priority_queue<int, std::vector<int>, decltype(cmp)> q5(cmp);
 
    for (int n : data)
        q5.push(n);
 
    print_queue("q5", q5);
}
output：
data: 	1 8 5 6 3 4 0 9 7 2 
q1: 	9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 
minq1: 	0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 
minq2: 	0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 
minq3: 	0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 
q5: 	8 9 6 7 4 5 2 3 0 1

参考：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_36888577/article/details/79937886