八数码问题的三种算法解答（C#源代码）

 

详细工程文件的下载地址： http://download.csdn.net/source/195320

/**/ /*----------------------------------------------------------------
          // Copyright (C) 2007 Fengart
          // 版权所有。 
          // 开发者：Fengart
          // 文件名：FengartAI.cs
          // 文件功能描述：这是一个能够解决八数码问题的高效方法，主要体现在对状态编码上。
 /*----------------------------------------------------------------
    //主页：http://fengart.9126.com
    //blog: http://blog.csdn.net/fengart
    //Emial: fengart@126.com
//----------------------------------------------------------------*/
using  System;
using  System.Collections.Generic;

namespace  Eight_Num_Fengart
... {
    /**//// <summary>
    ///  八数码问题的算法
    /// </summary>
    class FengartAI
    ...{
        代码说明#region 代码说明

        /**//*编码规则： 
         * 每一个状态及每一次操作的表示方法？
         * 有许多表示方法，比如一个3*3的八数码盘可以压缩成一个int值表示，但不适用于15 puzzle或大于8 的
         * puzzle问题。如果对空间要求很高，应该还可以再压缩。本文采用一个int表示的方法。
         * 表示方法如下：由于int的表示范围大于1e9，所以我们取一个int的低9位，为了方便寻找空格的位置，int
         * 的个位我们用来放空格的位置（1-9）。而前8位，按照行从上到下，列从左到右的顺序依次记录对应位置上
         * 的数字。例如：        
         * 可以表示成 2 3 1 5 8 4 6 7 5 ，个位的5表示空格在第5位，前八位数按顺序记录。坐标转换公式为：
    num（压缩后的int） x y（求x行y列,1记起）1e(n)为 1乘10的n次
    int temp=(x-1)*3+y
    if  temp > num%10 then return (num / 1e(9-temp+1)) %10
    else return (num / 1e(9-temp) )%10

    为了方便本文介绍，取目标状态为：1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 即-->

        操作本文用 u r d l 分别表示 空格的向上 向右 向下 向左 四个操作。比如，在简介中的图包括两步操作 l d ，可能与平时玩这类游戏的习惯不符合，但这是为了和ACM例题相统一。

    对应地，每种操作引起的状态变化如下：
    r ：num值++             l ：num值--
    u ：有点复杂 
    int t0 = 9-num%10 + 1
    int t1 = num / 1e(t0)
    int t2 = t1%1000
    t1= t1- t2 + (t2 % 100) * 10 + t2 / 100
    t1*= 1e(t0)
    return (t1 + ( (num % t0) - 3))
    d ：见代码的change方法。
         * 
         * 以上编码规则是参考了网上一位朋友的文章，我在此编码的基础上加了估值，例如num=2 3 1 5 8 4 6 7 5,
         * 估值假设为5，那么编码成code=5 2 3 1 5 8 4 6 7 5,估值写在最前面,那么调用SortedList时就可以直接
         * 让SortedList自己进行排序(当然,如果你想自己编写一个delegate来交给SortedList实现也是没问题的,但
         * 我没测试过,不知道效率如何),那么现在的code就是由一个10位十进制的数组成,code已经不能再用int表示
         * 了,因此我用了long (很不情愿,但想了很久还是用上了)。
         * 
         * 另外我之前编了个也是解决八数码问题的深度优先递归算法，棋盘采用一维结构，却比这个搜索的时间短，
         * 但不及“最好优先搜索”，主要是“最好优先搜索”所搜索的结点数实在是太少了，尽管排序浪费的时间
         * 比较多，但测试过N次，性能最好的就是它。
         * 
         * 本代码是为了应付人工智能的实验而编写的，写的潦草请不要介意。我又是通过这代码来“引玉”，相信
         * 看过我编写的黑白棋源代码的人应该知道“引玉”是什么意思。如果你有“玉”（什么更高效的算法能在
         * 更短的时间内求得结果，或者博弈方面的），就欢迎“砸”过来－－fengart@126.com，我会很感激！
         * （A* 算法解决八数码问题我已经研究过了，不要砸这个来）
         *                                                                          Fengart 
         *                                                                        2007.6.16
         * 
         */

        #endregion 

        /**//// <summary>
        /// ten[i]代表10的i次方
        /// </summary>
        private static readonly long[] tens =...{ 1, 10, 100, 1000, 10000, 100000, 1000000, 10000000, 100000000, 1000000000 };

        /**//// <summary>
        /// 不是合理的编码
        /// </summary>
        private const int OutOfCode = -1;

        /**//// <summary>
        /// 标志是否找到目标状态的编码
        /// </summary>
        public const int WinnerCode = 1;

        private Direction[][] dirs;

        private int startBoard;
        private static int endBoard;
        private static int[] endBoardArray;

        private int MaxDepth;

        private SortedList<long,StateMsg> openList;
        private Stack<State> openStack;
        private Queue<State> openQueue;
        private Dictionary<long,StateMsg> boardtable;

        private const int maxNodes = 362880; //至多搜索的结点数＝最大局面状态数量：（9!）=362880；

        private int nodes;
        private int same;
        private float time;
        private Direction[] result;

        /**//// <summary>
        /// 已经访问的结点数量
        /// </summary>
        public int Nodes
        ...{
            get ...{ return nodes; }
        }

        /**//// <summary>
        /// 重复访问相同结点的数量
        /// </summary>
        public int Same
        ...{
            get ...{ return same; }
        }

        public float Time
        ...{
            get ...{ return time; }
        }

        /**//// <summary>
        /// 最终结果
        /// </summary>
        public Direction[] Result
        ...{
            get ...{ return result; }
        }

        public FengartAI()
        ...{
            dirs = new Direction[9][];
            dirs[0] = new Direction[] ...{ Direction.Right, Direction.Down };
            dirs[1] = new Direction[] ...{ Direction.Left, Direction.Right, Direction.Down };
            dirs[2] = new Direction[] ...{ Direction.Left, Direction.Down };
            dirs[3] = new Direction[] ...{ Direction.Up, Direction.Right, Direction.Down };
            dirs[4] = new Direction[] ...{ Direction.Up, Direction.Left, Direction.Right, Direction.Down };
            dirs[5] = new Direction[] ...{ Direction.Up, Direction.Left, Direction.Down };
            dirs[6] = new Direction[] ...{ Direction.Up, Direction.Right };
            dirs[7] = new Direction[] ...{ Direction.Left, Direction.Right, Direction.Up };
            dirs[8] = new Direction[] ...{ Direction.Up, Direction.Left };

        }

        /**//// <summary>
        /// 求与目标位置不同的个数（不计空格，因此返回值0～8）
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="curboard"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public static int Different(int curboard)
        ...{
            int t_start = curboard;
            int emp_start = curboard % 10;
            int ev = 0;
            //写2个for是为了减少9个if
            for (int i = 9; i > emp_start; i--)
            ...{
                t_start /= 10;
                if (t_start % 10 != endBoardArray[i])
                    ev++;
            }
            for (int i = emp_start - 1; i >= 1; i--)
            ...{
                t_start /= 10;
                if (t_start % 10 != endBoardArray[i])
                    ev++;
            }
            return ev;
        }

        public static int getBoard(long code)
        ...{
            return (int)(code % tens[9]);
        }

        private static int getEval(long code)
        ...{
            return (int)(code / tens[9]);
        }

        private static int getEmpIndex(long code)
        ...{
            return (int)(code % 10);
        }

        private static long combinCode(int board, int eval)
        ...{
            long codehead = eval * tens[9];
            return codehead + board;
        }

        /**//// <summary>
        /// 改变局面(移动空格)
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="code"></param>
        /// <param name="dir"></param>
        public static long change(long code, Direction dir)
        ...{
            int newboard;
            int eval;
            int num;
            int t0;
            long t1;
            long t2;
            switch (dir)
            ...{
                case Direction.Left:
                    newboard = getBoard(code) - 1;
                    if (newboard == endBoard)
                        return WinnerCode;
                    eval = Different(newboard);
                    return combinCode(newboard, eval);
                case Direction.Right:
                    newboard = getBoard(code) + 1;
                    if (newboard == endBoard)
                        return WinnerCode;
                    eval = Different(newboard);
                    return combinCode(newboard, eval);
                case Direction.Up:
                    num = getBoard(code);
                    t0 = 9 - num % 10 + 1;
                    t1 = num / tens[t0];
                    t2 = t1 % 1000;
                    t1 = t1 - t2 + (t2 % 100) * 10 + t2 / 100;
                    t1 *= tens[t0];
                    newboard = (int)(t1 + ((num % tens[t0]) - 3));
                    if (newboard == endBoard)
                        return WinnerCode;
                    eval = Different(newboard);
                    return combinCode(newboard, eval);
                case Direction.Down:
                    num = getBoard(code);
                    t0 = 9 - num % 10 + 1 - 3;//跟Up不同的地方
                    t1 = num / tens[t0];
                    t2 = t1 % 1000;
                    t1 = t1 - t2 + (t2 % 10) * 100 + t2 / 10;//跟Up不同的地方
                    t1 *= tens[t0];
                    newboard = (int)(t1 + ((num % tens[t0]) + 3));//跟Up不同的地方
                    if (newboard == endBoard)
                        return WinnerCode;
                    eval = Different(newboard);
                    return combinCode(newboard, eval);
            }
            return OutOfCode;
        }

        /**//// <summary>
        /// 恢复上一步的局面
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="code"></param>
        /// <param name="dir"></param>
        public long unchange(long code, Direction dir)
        ...{
            return change(code, (Direction)(5 - dir));
        }

        /**//// <summary>
        /// 当找到目标时，从哈希表里找原来的路径
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="endCode"></param>
        /// <param name="depth"></param>
        private void setResult(long endCode, Direction curDir, Direction lastDir, int depth)
        ...{
            long lastCode = endCode;
            result = new Direction[depth];
            result[depth - 1] = curDir;
            for (int i = depth - 2; i >= 0; i--)
            ...{
                if (boardtable.ContainsKey(lastCode))
                ...{
                    result[i] = boardtable[lastCode].Dir;
                    lastCode = unchange(lastCode, result[i]);
                }
                else
                    return;
            }
        }

        //本算法的核心部分

        带Open表和HashTable的最好优先搜索(每次扩展Open表后都对Open表排序）#region 带Open表和HashTable的最好优先搜索(每次扩展Open表后都对Open表排序）

        /**//// <summary>
        ///  扩展Open表
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="board"></param>
        /// <param name="depth"></param>
        private bool extentOpenList(long code, Direction lastDir, int depth)
        ...{
            int empIndex = (int)(code % 10 - 1);
            int len_moves = dirs[empIndex].Length;
            long newcode;
            Direction dir = 5 - lastDir;
            for (int i = 0; i < len_moves; i++)
                if (dirs[empIndex][i] != dir)
                ...{
                    newcode = change(code, dirs[empIndex][i]);

                    //跟目标匹配,结束
                    if (newcode == WinnerCode)
                    ...{
                        setResult(code, dirs[empIndex][i], lastDir, depth);
                        return true;
                    }
                    if (newcode <= tens[8])
                        throw new Exception("棋盘码修改错误！ ");
                    if (newcode != OutOfCode)
                    ...{
                        if (!openList.ContainsKey(newcode))
                        ...{
                            if (!boardtable.ContainsKey(newcode))
                                openList.Add(newcode, new StateMsg(depth, dirs[empIndex][i]));
                            else
                            ...{
                                same++;
                                if (depth < boardtable[newcode].Depth)
                                ...{
                                    boardtable.Remove(newcode);
                                    openList.Add(newcode, new StateMsg(depth, dirs[empIndex][i]));
                                }
                            }
                        }
                        else
                        ...{
                            same++;
                            if (depth < openList[newcode].Depth)
                                openList[newcode] = new StateMsg(depth, dirs[empIndex][i]);
                        }
                    }
                }
            return false;
        }

        /**//// <summary>
        /// 带Open表和HashTable的最好优先搜索(每次扩展Open表后都对Open表排序）
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns></returns>
        private int BestFirstSearch()
        ...{
            int depth = 1;
            Direction[] moves;
            int board;
            long newCode = combinCode(this.startBoard, 0);
            int empIndex = getEmpIndex(newCode);

            moves = dirs[empIndex - 1];
            StateMsg data;
            if (extentOpenList(newCode, Direction.None, depth))
                return WinnerCode;
            while (openList.Count > 0)
            ...{
                lock (this)
                ...{
                    nodes++;
                    if (nodes >= maxNodes)
                        return -1;
                    newCode = openList.Keys[0];
                    board = getBoard(newCode);
                    data = openList[newCode];
                    if (data.Depth != 0)
                    ...{
                        depth = data.Depth;
                        if (board == endBoard)
                        ...{
                            return WinnerCode;
                        }
                        boardtable.Add(newCode, new StateMsg(depth, data.Dir));
                        openList.RemoveAt(0);
                        if (depth < MaxDepth)
                            if (extentOpenList(newCode, data.Dir, depth + 1))
                                return WinnerCode;
                    }
                }
            }
            return -1;
        }

        #endregion

        带Open表和HashTable的深度优先搜索（排序后才插入Open表）#region 带Open表和HashTable的深度优先搜索（排序后才插入Open表）

        /**//// <summary>
        ///  扩展OpenStack
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="board"></param>
        /// <param name="depth"></param>
        private bool extentOpenStack(long code, Direction lastDir, int depth)
        ...{
            int empIndex = (int)(code % 10 - 1);
            int len_moves = dirs[empIndex].Length;
            long newcode ;
            SortedList<long, Direction> sort = new SortedList<long, Direction>(4);
            Direction dir = 5 - lastDir;
            Direction curdir;

            for (int i = 0; i < len_moves; i++)
            ...{
                curdir = dirs[empIndex][i];
                if (curdir != dir)
                ...{
                    newcode = change(code, curdir);

                    //跟目标匹配,结束
                    if (newcode == WinnerCode)
                    ...{
                        setResult(code, dirs[empIndex][i], lastDir, depth);
                        return true;
                    }
                    if (newcode <= tens[8])
                        throw new Exception("棋盘码修改错误！ ");
                    if (newcode != OutOfCode)
                    ...{
                        if (!boardtable.ContainsKey(newcode))
                            sort.Add(-newcode, curdir);
                        else
                        ...{
                            same++;
                            if (depth < boardtable[newcode].Depth)
                            ...{
                                boardtable.Remove(newcode);
                                sort.Add(-newcode, curdir);
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            IEnumerator<KeyValuePair<long,Direction>> en = sort.GetEnumerator();
            while (en.MoveNext())
            ...{
                openStack.Push(new State(-en.Current.Key, depth, en.Current.Value));
            }
            return false;
        }

        /**//// <summary>
        /// 带Open表和HashTable的深度优先搜索（排序后才插入Open表）
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns></returns>
        private int DepthFirstSearch()
        ...{
            lock (this)
            ...{
                int depth = 1;
                Direction[] moves;
                int board;
                long newCode = combinCode(this.startBoard, 0);
                int empIndex = getEmpIndex(newCode);

                moves = dirs[empIndex - 1];
                State data;
                if (extentOpenStack(newCode, Direction.None, depth))
                    return WinnerCode;
                while (openStack.Count > 0)
                ...{
                    lock (this)
                    ...{
                        nodes++;
                        if (nodes >= maxNodes)
                            return -1;
                        data = openStack.Pop();

                        if (data != null)
                        ...{
                            newCode = data.Code;
                            board = getBoard(newCode);
                            depth = data.Depth;
                            if (board == endBoard)
                            ...{
                                return WinnerCode;
                            }
                            if (boardtable.ContainsKey(newCode))
                            ...{
                                same++;
                                if (depth < boardtable[newCode].Depth)
                                ...{
                                    boardtable[newCode] = new StateMsg(depth, data.Dir);
                                }
                                else
                                    continue;
                            }
                            else
                            ...{
                                boardtable.Add(newCode, new StateMsg(depth, data.Dir));
                            }
                            if (depth < MaxDepth)
                                if (extentOpenStack(newCode, data.Dir, depth + 1))
                                    return WinnerCode;
                        }
                    }
                }
                return -1;
            }
        }

        #endregion

        带Open表和HashTable的广度优先搜索（排序后才插入Open表）#region 带Open表和HashTable的广度优先搜索（排序后才插入Open表）

        /**//// <summary>
        ///  扩展OpenQueue
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="board"></param>
        /// <param name="depth"></param>
        private bool extentOpenQueue(long code, Direction lastDir, int depth)
        ...{
            int empIndex = (int)(code % 10 - 1);
            int len_moves = dirs[empIndex].Length;
            long newcode;
            SortedList<long, Direction> sort = new SortedList<long, Direction>(4);
            Direction dir = 5 - lastDir;
            Direction curdir;
            for (int i = 0; i < len_moves; i++)
            ...{
                curdir = dirs[empIndex][i];
                if (curdir != dir)
                ...{
                    newcode = change(code, curdir);

                    //跟目标匹配,结束
                    if (newcode == WinnerCode)
                    ...{
                        setResult(code, dirs[empIndex][i], lastDir, depth);
                        return true;
                    }
                    if (newcode <= tens[8])
                        throw new Exception("棋盘码修改错误！ ");
                    if (newcode != OutOfCode)
                    ...{
                        if (!boardtable.ContainsKey(newcode))
                            sort.Add(newcode, curdir);
                        else
                        ...{
                            same++;
                            if (depth < boardtable[newcode].Depth)
                            ...{
                                boardtable.Remove(newcode);
                                sort.Add(newcode, curdir);
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            IEnumerator<KeyValuePair<long, Direction>> en = sort.GetEnumerator();
            while (en.MoveNext())
            ...{
                openQueue.Enqueue(new State(en.Current.Key, depth, en.Current.Value));
            }
            return false;
        }

        /**//// <summary>
        /// 带Open表和HashTable的广度优先搜索（排序后才插入Open表）
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns></returns>
        private int BreadthFirstSearch()
        ...{
            int depth = 1;
            Direction[] moves;
            int board;
            long newCode = combinCode(this.startBoard, 0);
            int empIndex = getEmpIndex(newCode);

            moves = dirs[empIndex - 1];
            State data;
            if (extentOpenQueue(newCode, Direction.None, depth))// Mask!
                return WinnerCode;
            while (openQueue.Count > 0)  // Mask!
            ...{
                lock (this)
                ...{
                    nodes++;
                    if (nodes >= maxNodes)
                        return -1;
                    data = openQueue.Dequeue();// Mask!

                    if (data != null)
                    ...{
                        newCode = data.Code;
                        board = getBoard(newCode);
                        depth = data.Depth;
                        if (board == endBoard)
                        ...{
                            return WinnerCode;
                        }
                        if (boardtable.ContainsKey(newCode))
                        ...{
                            same++;
                            if (depth < boardtable[newCode].Depth)
                            ...{
                                boardtable[newCode] = new StateMsg(depth, data.Dir);
                            }
                            else
                                continue;
                        }
                        else
                        ...{
                            boardtable.Add(newCode, new StateMsg(depth, data.Dir));
                        }
                        if (depth < MaxDepth)
                            if (extentOpenQueue(newCode, data.Dir, depth + 1))
                                return WinnerCode;
                    }
                }
            }
            return -1;
        }

        #endregion

        /**//// <summary>
        /// 把一维数组的局面编码成一个整数的表示形式
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="genBoard"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public int ToIntBoard(int[] genBoard)
        ...{
            int board = 0;
            int emp = 0;
            for (int i = 0; i < genBoard.Length; i++)
            ...{
                if (genBoard[i] != 0)
                    board = 10 * board + genBoard[i];
                else
                    emp = i + 1;
            }
            return 10 * board + emp;
        }

        /**//// <summary>
        /// 判断是否可以从初始状态到达目标状态（计算两个状态的逆序列，奇偶性相同的返回true）
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="start"></param>
        /// <param name="end"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        private bool ExistAns(int[] start, int[] end)
        ...{
            int sequence_start = 0, sequence_end = 0;
            for (int i = 0; i < start.Length; i++)
            ...{
                if (start[i] != 0)
                    for (int j = i + 1; j < start.Length; j++)
                    ...{
                        if (start[j] != 0 && start[j] < start[i])
                            sequence_start++;
                    }
                if (end[i] != 0)
                    for (int j = i + 1; j < start.Length; j++)
                    ...{
                        if (end[j] != 0 && end[j] < end[i])
                            sequence_end++;
                    }
            }
            return (sequence_start + sequence_end) % 2 == 0;
        }

        /**//// <summary>
        /// 初始化求解
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="start"></param>
        /// <param name="end"></param>
        /// <param name="maxDepth"></param>
        private void InitComp(int[] start, int[] end, int maxDepth)
        ...{
            nodes = 0;
            same = 0;
            MaxDepth = maxDepth;
            result = null;
            boardtable = new Dictionary<long, StateMsg>();
            openList = new  SortedList<long,StateMsg>();
            openStack = new Stack<State>();
            openQueue = new Queue<State>();

            this.startBoard = ToIntBoard(start);
            endBoard = ToIntBoard(end);
            int t_end = endBoard;
            int emp_end = endBoard % 10;
            endBoardArray = new int[10];
            endBoardArray[0] = emp_end;
            endBoardArray[emp_end] = 0;
            for (int i = 9; i > emp_end; i--)
            ...{
                t_end /= 10;
                endBoardArray[i] = t_end % 10;
            }
            for (int i = emp_end - 1; i >= 1; i--)
            ...{
                t_end /= 10;
                endBoardArray[i] = t_end % 10;
            }
        }

        /**//// <summary>
        /// 求解8数码问题
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="start"></param>
        /// <param name="end"></param>
        public Answer Compute(int[] start, int[] end, int maxDepth, int mode)
        ...{
            if (!ExistAns(start, end))
                return Answer.NotExist;
            InitComp(start, end, maxDepth);
            if (startBoard == endBoard)
                return Answer.Exist;
            long oldtime = System.DateTime.Now.Ticks;
            int eval = 0;
            switch (mode)
            ...{
                case 0:
                    eval = DepthFirstSearch();
                    break;
                case 1:
                    eval = BreadthFirstSearch();
                    break;
                case 2:
                    eval = BestFirstSearch();
                    break;
                default:
                    eval = BestFirstSearch();
                    break;
            }
            time = (System.DateTime.Now.Ticks - oldtime) / 10000000.0f;
            if (eval == WinnerCode)
                return Answer.Exist;
            return Answer.NotExistInDepth;
        }

    }
}