矩阵和数组

矩阵

x <- 1:20
x
 [1]  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
m <- matrix(x,4,5)
m
     [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]
[1,]    1    5    9   13   17
[2,]    2    6   10   14   18
[3,]    3    7   11   15   19
[4,]    4    8   12   16   20
m <- matrix(x,4,5,byrow=T)    #按行排列
m
     [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]
[1,]    1    2    3    4    5
[2,]    6    7    8    9   10
[3,]   11   12   13   14   15
[4,]   16   17   18   19   20

rnames <- c("R1","R2","R3","R4")
cnames <- c("C1","C2","C3","C4","C5")
dimnames(m) <- list(rnames,cnames)
m
   C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
R1  1  2  3  4  5
R2  6  7  8  9 10
R3 11 12 13 14 15
R4 16 17 18 19 20

dim(x)    #显示向量维数
NULL
dim(x) <- c(4,5)    #将一维向量定义维数获得矩阵
x
     [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]
[1,]    1    5    9   13   17
[2,]    2    6   10   14   18
[3,]    3    7   11   15   19
[4,]    4    8   12   16   20

数组(向量一维、矩阵二维、数组三维)

x <- 1:20
dim(x) <- c(2,2,5)
x
, , 1

     [,1] [,2]
[1,]    1    3
[2,]    2    4

, , 2

     [,1] [,2]
[1,]    5    7
[2,]    6    8

, , 3

     [,1] [,2]
[1,]    9   11
[2,]   10   12

, , 4

     [,1] [,2]
[1,]   13   15
[2,]   14   16

, , 5

     [,1] [,2]
[1,]   17   19
[2,]   18   20


dim1 <- c("A1","A2")
dim2 <- c("B1","B2","B3")
dim3 <- c("C1","C2","C3","C4")
z <- array(1:24,c(2,3,4),dimnames=list(dim1,dim2,dim3))
z
, , C1

   B1 B2 B3
A1  1  3  5
A2  2  4  6

, , C2

   B1 B2 B3
A1  7  9 11
A2  8 10 12

, , C3

   B1 B2 B3
A1 13 15 17
A2 14 16 18

, , C4

   B1 B2 B3
A1 19 21 23
A2 20 22 24

矩阵的索引

m
   C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
R1  1  2  3  4  5
R2  6  7  8  9 10
R3 11 12 13 14 15
R4 16 17 18 19 20
m[1,2]
[1] 2
m[1,c(2,3,4)]
C2 C3 C4 
 2  3  4 
m[c(2:4),c(2,3)]
   C2 C3
R2  7  8
R3 12 13
R4 17 18
m[2,]    #访问第二行
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 
 6  7  8  9 10 
m[,2]    #访问第二列
R1 R2 R3 R4 
 2  7 12 17 
m[-1,2]    #去除第一行，再取第二列
R2 R3 R4 
 7 12 17 
m["R1","C2"]
[1] 2

矩阵的运算

m
   C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
R1  1  2  3  4  5
R2  6  7  8  9 10
R3 11 12 13 14 15
R4 16 17 18 19 20
m+1
   C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
R1  2  3  4  5  6
R2  7  8  9 10 11
R3 12 13 14 15 16
R4 17 18 19 20 21
m*2
   C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
R1  2  4  6  8 10
R2 12 14 16 18 20
R3 22 24 26 28 30
R4 32 34 36 38 40
m+m
   C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
R1  2  4  6  8 10
R2 12 14 16 18 20
R3 22 24 26 28 30
R4 32 34 36 38 40

n <- matrix(1:20,5,4)
n
     [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
[1,]    1    6   11   16
[2,]    2    7   12   17
[3,]    3    8   13   18
[4,]    4    9   14   19
[5,]    5   10   15   20
m+n    #会报错，行列不一致

colSums(m)
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 
34 38 42 46 50 
rowSums(m)
R1 R2 R3 R4 
15 40 65 90 
colMeans(m)
  C1   C2   C3   C4   C5 
 8.5  9.5 10.5 11.5 12.5 
rowMeans(m)
R1 R2 R3 R4 
 3  8 13 18 

#内积    对应位置相乘
n <- matrix(1:9,3,3)
t <- matrix(2:10,3,3)
n * t
     [,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,]    2   20   56
[2,]    6   30   72
[3,]   12   42   90
#外积    线性代数矩阵乘积
n %*% t
     [,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,]   42   78  114
[2,]   51   96  141
[3,]   60  114  168

diag(n)    #取方阵对角线
[1] 1 5 9
t(m)    #转至矩阵
   R1 R2 R3 R4
C1  1  6 11 16
C2  2  7 12 17
C3  3  8 13 18
C4  4  9 14 19
C5  5 10 15 20