2.1 Harris角点检测
Harris角点检测算法是最简单的角点检测方法之一。
1.代码
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from pylab import *
from PIL import Image
from PCV.localdescriptors import harris
"""
Example of detecting Harris corner points (Figure 2-1 in the book).
"""
# 读入图像
im = array(Image.open('E:\\Python计算机视觉实验\\第二章\\实验照片\\pic2.jpg').convert('L'))
# 检测harris角点
harrisim = harris.compute_harris_response(im)
# Harris响应函数
harrisim1 = 255 - harrisim
figure()
gray()
#画出Harris响应图
subplot(141)
imshow(harrisim1)
print (harrisim1.shape)
axis('off')
axis('equal')
threshold = [0.01, 0.05, 0.1]
for i, thres in enumerate(threshold):
filtered_coords = harris.get_harris_points(harrisim, 6, thres)
subplot(1, 4, i+2)
imshow(im)
print (im.shape)
plot([p[1] for p in filtered_coords], [p[0] for p in filtered_coords], '*')
axis('off')
show()
2.角点检测结果
原图
2.2在图像间寻找对应点
1.代码
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from pylab import *
from PIL import Image
from PCV.localdescriptors import harris
from PCV.tools.imtools import imresize
"""
This is the Harris point matching example in Figure 2-2.
"""
# Figure 2-2上面的图
#im1 = array(Image.open("../data/crans_1_small.jpg").convert("L"))
#im2= array(Image.open("../data/crans_2_small.jpg").convert("L"))
# Figure 2-2下面的图
im1 = array(Image.open("E:\\Python计算机视觉实验\\第二章\\实验照片\\pic3.jpg").convert("L"))
im2 = array(Image.open("E:\\Python计算机视觉实验\\第二章\\实验照片\\pic2.jpg").convert("L"))
# resize加快匹配速度
im1 = imresize(im1, (int(im1.shape[1]/2), int(im1.shape[0]/2)))
im2 = imresize(im2, (int(im2.shape[1]/2), int(im2.shape[0]/2)))
wid = 5
harrisim = harris.compute_harris_response(im1, 5)
filtered_coords1 = harris.get_harris_points(harrisim, wid+1)
d1 = harris.get_descriptors(im1, filtered_coords1, wid)
harrisim = harris.compute_harris_response(im2, 5)
filtered_coords2 = harris.get_harris_points(harrisim, wid+1)
d2 = harris.get_descriptors(im2, filtered_coords2, wid)
print('starting matching')
matches = harris.match
_twosided(d1, d2)
figure()
gray()
harris.plot_matches(im1, im2, filtered_coords1, filtered_coords2, matches)
show()
2.结果
①使用了两张角度不同的图片
②使用了两张大小不同的图片
对同一场景拍照角度不同和图片大小不同，依旧可以匹配出很多的对应点，但这些对应点仔细观察也有很多错误的匹配点。
那么两张不同场景的照片会有对应点吗？
正如上图所看到的，这里有很多错配的。近年来，提高特征描述点检测与描述有了很大的发展，其中最好的算法之一——SIFT。
2.3sift描述子
在过去的十年间，最成功的图像局部描述子之一是尺度不变特征变换(SIFT),它是由David Lowe发明的。SIFT在2004年由Lowe完善并经受住了时间的考验。
2.2.1描述子匹配
1.代码：
from PIL import Image
from pylab import *
import sys
from PCV.localdescriptors import sift
if len(sys.argv) >= 3:
im1f, im2f = sys.argv[1], sys.argv[2]
else:
# im1f = '../data/sf_view1.jpg'
# im2f = '../data/sf_view2.jpg'
im1f = 'E:\\Python计算机视觉实验\\第二章\\实验照片\\111.png'
im2f = 'E:\\Python计算机视觉实验\\第二章\\实验照片\\222.png'
# im1f = '../data/climbing_1_small.jpg'
# im2f = '../data/climbing_2_small.jpg'
im1 = array(Image.open(im1f))
im2 = array(Image.open(im2f))
sift.process_image(im1f, 'out_sift_1.txt')
l1, d1 = sift.read_features_from_file('out_sift_1.txt')
figure()
gray()
subplot(121)
sift.plot_features(im1, l1, circle=False)
sift.process_image(im2f, 'out_sift_2.txt')
l2, d2 = sift.read_features_from_file('out_sift_2.txt')
subplot(122)
sift.plot_features(im2, l2, circle=False)
#matches = sift.match(d1, d2)
matches = sift.match_twosided(d1, d2)
print('{} matches'.format(len(matches.nonzero()[0])))
figure()
gray()
sift.plot_matches(im1, im2, l1, l2, matches, show_below=True)
show()
2.结果：
代码运行成功的前提是：图片的大小要相同。
2.4地理标记图像匹配
1.代码
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from pylab import *
from PIL import Image
from PCV.localdescriptors import sift
from PCV.tools import imtools
import pydot
""" This is the example graph illustration of matching images from Figure 2-10.
To download the images, see ch2_download_panoramio.py."""
#download_path = "panoimages" # set this to the path where you downloaded the panoramio images
#path = "/FULLPATH/panoimages/" # path to save thumbnails (pydot needs the full system path)
download_path = "E:\\Python计算机视觉实验\\第二章\\地理匹配" # set this to the path where you downloaded the panoramio images
path = "E:\\Python计算机视觉实验\\第二章\\地理匹配" # path to save thumbnails (pydot needs the full system path)
# list of downloaded filenames
imlist = imtools.get_imlist(download_path)
nbr_images = len(imlist)
# extract features
featlist = [imname[:-3] + 'sift' for imname in imlist]
for i, imname in enumerate(imlist):
sift.process_image(imname, featlist[i])
matchscores = zeros((nbr_images, nbr_images))
for i in range(nbr_images):
for j in range(i, nbr_images): # only compute upper triangle
print ('comparing ', imlist[i], imlist[j])
l1, d1 = sift.read_features_from_file(featlist[i])
l2, d2 = sift.read_features_from_file(featlist[j])
matches = sift.match_twosided(d1, d2)
nbr_matches = sum(matches > 0)
print('number of matches = ', nbr_matches)
matchscores[i, j] = nbr_matches
print("The match scores is: \n", matchscores)
# copy values
for i in range(nbr_images):
for j in range(i + 1, nbr_images): # no need to copy diagonal
matchscores[j, i] = matchscores[i, j]
#可视化
threshold = 2 # min number of matches needed to create link
g = pydot.Dot(graph_type='graph') # don't want the default directed graph
for i in range(nbr_images):
for j in range(i + 1, nbr_images):
if matchscores[i, j] > threshold:
# first image in pair
im = Image.open(imlist[i])
im.thumbnail((100, 100))
filename = path + str(i) + '.png'
im.save(filename) # need temporary files of the right size
g.add_node(pydot.Node(str(i), fontcolor='transparent', shape='rectangle', image=filename))
# second image in pair
im = Image.open(imlist[j])
im.thumbnail((100, 100))
filename = path + str(j) + '.png'
im.save(filename) # need temporary files of the right size
g.add_node(pydot.Node(str(j), fontcolor='transparent', shape='rectangle', image=filename))
g.add_edge(pydot.Edge(str(i), str(j)))
g.write_png('whitehouse.png')
2.结果
2.5实验问题
1.Python3 print 函数必须有（）
2.出现错误：Python OpenCV TypeError: integer argument expected, got float
该错误为类型错误。解决方案：将float类型强制转换为int型。
3.出现错误：ValueError: all the input arrays must have same number of dimensions, but the array at index 0 has 3 dimension(s) and the array at index 1 has 2 dimension(s)
解决方案：输入的图片大小必须相同。
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