django2.1.7从0开始搭建一个个人博客网站第5天

技术引用：uuid

UUID 是 通用唯一识别码（Universally Unique Identifier）的缩写，是一种软件建构的标准，亦为开放软件基金会组织在分布式计算环境领域的一部分。其目的，是让分布式系统中的所有元素，都能有唯一的辨识信息，而不需要通过中央控制端来做辨识信息的指定。如此一来，每个人都可以创建不与其它人冲突的UUID。在这样的情况下，就不需考虑数据库创建时的名称重复问题。

项目使用：前端生成uuid，后端redis保存uuid为键名，图片验证码为值，在以后通过uuid键来redis数据库进行对比图片验证码。

一、用户模型设计：django自定义user：

自定义user
思考：为什么Django默认用户模型类是User？
在’django.conf.global_settings’中，我们可以找到django自带的全局设置：

"""
Default Django settings. Override these with settings in the module pointed to
by the DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE environment variable.
"""
"""
默认Django设置。使用指向的模块中的设置覆盖这些
通过DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE环境变量。
"""


# This is defined here as a do-nothing function because we can't import
# django.utils.translation -- that module depends on the settings.
def gettext_noop(s):
    return s


####################
# CORE             #
####################

DEBUG = False

# Whether the framework should propagate raw exceptions rather than catching
# them. This is useful under some testing situations and should never be used
# on a live site.
DEBUG_PROPAGATE_EXCEPTIONS = False

# People who get code error notifications.
# In the format [('Full Name', 'email@example.com'), ('Full Name', 'anotheremail@example.com')]
ADMINS = []

# List of IP addresses, as strings, that:
#   * See debug comments, when DEBUG is true
#   * Receive x-headers
INTERNAL_IPS = []

# Hosts/domain names that are valid for this site.
# "*" matches anything, ".example.com" matches example.com and all subdomains
ALLOWED_HOSTS = []

# Local time zone for this installation. All choices can be found here:
# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tz_zones_by_name (although not all
# systems may support all possibilities). When USE_TZ is True, this is
# interpreted as the default user time zone.
TIME_ZONE = 'America/Chicago'

# If you set this to True, Django will use timezone-aware datetimes.
USE_TZ = False

# Language code for this installation. All choices can be found here:
# http://www.i18nguy.com/unicode/language-identifiers.html
LANGUAGE_CODE = 'en-us'

# Languages we provide translations for, out of the box.
LANGUAGES = [
    ('af', gettext_noop('Afrikaans')),
    ('ar', gettext_noop('Arabic')),
    ('ast', gettext_noop('Asturian')),
    ('az', gettext_noop('Azerbaijani')),
    ('bg', gettext_noop('Bulgarian')),
    ('be', gettext_noop('Belarusian')),
    ('bn', gettext_noop('Bengali')),
    ('br', gettext_noop('Breton')),
    ('bs', gettext_noop('Bosnian')),
    ('ca', gettext_noop('Catalan')),
    ('cs', gettext_noop('Czech')),
    ('cy', gettext_noop('Welsh')),
    ('da', gettext_noop('Danish')),
    ('de', gettext_noop('German')),
    ('dsb', gettext_noop('Lower Sorbian')),
    ('el', gettext_noop('Greek')),
    ('en', gettext_noop('English')),
    ('en-au', gettext_noop('Australian English')),
    ('en-gb', gettext_noop('British English')),
    ('eo', gettext_noop('Esperanto')),
    ('es', gettext_noop('Spanish')),
    ('es-ar', gettext_noop('Argentinian Spanish')),
    ('es-co', gettext_noop('Colombian Spanish')),
    ('es-mx', gettext_noop('Mexican Spanish')),
    ('es-ni', gettext_noop('Nicaraguan Spanish')),
    ('es-ve', gettext_noop('Venezuelan Spanish')),
    ('et', gettext_noop('Estonian')),
    ('eu', gettext_noop('Basque')),
    ('fa', gettext_noop('Persian')),
    ('fi', gettext_noop('Finnish')),
    ('fr', gettext_noop('French')),
    ('fy', gettext_noop('Frisian')),
    ('ga', gettext_noop('Irish')),
    ('gd', gettext_noop('Scottish Gaelic')),
    ('gl', gettext_noop('Galician')),
    ('he', gettext_noop('Hebrew')),
    ('hi', gettext_noop('Hindi')),
    ('hr', gettext_noop('Croatian')),
    ('hsb', gettext_noop('Upper Sorbian')),
    ('hu', gettext_noop('Hungarian')),
    ('ia', gettext_noop('Interlingua')),
    ('id', gettext_noop('Indonesian')),
    ('io', gettext_noop('Ido')),
    ('is', gettext_noop('Icelandic')),
    ('it', gettext_noop('Italian')),
    ('ja', gettext_noop('Japanese')),
    ('ka', gettext_noop('Georgian')),
    ('kab', gettext_noop('Kabyle')),
    ('kk', gettext_noop('Kazakh')),
    ('km', gettext_noop('Khmer')),
    ('kn', gettext_noop('Kannada')),
    ('ko', gettext_noop('Korean')),
    ('lb', gettext_noop('Luxembourgish')),
    ('lt', gettext_noop('Lithuanian')),
    ('lv', gettext_noop('Latvian')),
    ('mk', gettext_noop('Macedonian')),
    ('ml', gettext_noop('Malayalam')),
    ('mn', gettext_noop('Mongolian')),
    ('mr', gettext_noop('Marathi')),
    ('my', gettext_noop('Burmese')),
    ('nb', gettext_noop('Norwegian Bokmål')),
    ('ne', gettext_noop('Nepali')),
    ('nl', gettext_noop('Dutch')),
    ('nn', gettext_noop('Norwegian Nynorsk')),
    ('os', gettext_noop('Ossetic')),
    ('pa', gettext_noop('Punjabi')),
    ('pl', gettext_noop('Polish')),
    ('pt', gettext_noop('Portuguese')),
    ('pt-br', gettext_noop('Brazilian Portuguese')),
    ('ro', gettext_noop('Romanian')),
    ('ru', gettext_noop('Russian')),
    ('sk', gettext_noop('Slovak')),
    ('sl', gettext_noop('Slovenian')),
    ('sq', gettext_noop('Albanian')),
    ('sr', gettext_noop('Serbian')),
    ('sr-latn', gettext_noop('Serbian Latin')),
    ('sv', gettext_noop('Swedish')),
    ('sw', gettext_noop('Swahili')),
    ('ta', gettext_noop('Tamil')),
    ('te', gettext_noop('Telugu')),
    ('th', gettext_noop('Thai')),
    ('tr', gettext_noop('Turkish')),
    ('tt', gettext_noop('Tatar')),
    ('udm', gettext_noop('Udmurt')),
    ('uk', gettext_noop('Ukrainian')),
    ('ur', gettext_noop('Urdu')),
    ('vi', gettext_noop('Vietnamese')),
    ('zh-hans', gettext_noop('Simplified Chinese')),
    ('zh-hant', gettext_noop('Traditional Chinese')),
]

# Languages using BiDi (right-to-left) layout
LANGUAGES_BIDI = ["he", "ar", "fa", "ur"]

# If you set this to False, Django will make some optimizations so as not
# to load the internationalization machinery.
USE_I18N = True
LOCALE_PATHS = []

# Settings for language cookie
LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME = 'django_language'
LANGUAGE_COOKIE_AGE = None
LANGUAGE_COOKIE_DOMAIN = None
LANGUAGE_COOKIE_PATH = '/'


# If you set this to True, Django will format dates, numbers and calendars
# according to user current locale.
USE_L10N = False

# Not-necessarily-technical managers of the site. They get broken link
# notifications and other various emails.
MANAGERS = ADMINS

# Default content type and charset to use for all HttpResponse objects, if a
# MIME type isn't manually specified. These are used to construct the
# Content-Type header.
DEFAULT_CONTENT_TYPE = 'text/html'
DEFAULT_CHARSET = 'utf-8'

# Encoding of files read from disk (template and initial SQL files).
FILE_CHARSET = 'utf-8'

# Email address that error messages come from.
SERVER_EMAIL = 'root@localhost'

# Database connection info. If left empty, will default to the dummy backend.
DATABASES = {}

# Classes used to implement DB routing behavior.
DATABASE_ROUTERS = []

# The email backend to use. For possible shortcuts see django.core.mail.
# The default is to use the SMTP backend.
# Third-party backends can be specified by providing a Python path
# to a module that defines an EmailBackend class.
EMAIL_BACKEND = 'django.core.mail.backends.smtp.EmailBackend'

# Host for sending email.
EMAIL_HOST = 'localhost'

# Port for sending email.
EMAIL_PORT = 25

# Whether to send SMTP 'Date' header in the local time zone or in UTC.
EMAIL_USE_LOCALTIME = False

# Optional SMTP authentication information for EMAIL_HOST.
EMAIL_HOST_USER = ''
EMAIL_HOST_PASSWORD = ''
EMAIL_USE_TLS = False
EMAIL_USE_SSL = False
EMAIL_SSL_CERTFILE = None
EMAIL_SSL_KEYFILE = None
EMAIL_TIMEOUT = None

# List of strings representing installed apps.
INSTALLED_APPS = []

TEMPLATES = []

# Default form rendering class.
FORM_RENDERER = 'django.forms.renderers.DjangoTemplates'

# Default email address to use for various automated correspondence from
# the site managers.
DEFAULT_FROM_EMAIL = 'webmaster@localhost'

# Subject-line prefix for email messages send with django.core.mail.mail_admins
# or ...mail_managers.  Make sure to include the trailing space.
EMAIL_SUBJECT_PREFIX = '[Django] '

# Whether to append trailing slashes to URLs.
APPEND_SLASH = True

# Whether to prepend the "www." subdomain to URLs that don't have it.
PREPEND_WWW = False

# Override the server-derived value of SCRIPT_NAME
FORCE_SCRIPT_NAME = None

# List of compiled regular expression objects representing User-Agent strings
# that are not allowed to visit any page, systemwide. Use this for bad
# robots/crawlers. Here are a few examples:
#     import re
#     DISALLOWED_USER_AGENTS = [
#         re.compile(r'^NaverBot.*'),
#         re.compile(r'^EmailSiphon.*'),
#         re.compile(r'^SiteSucker.*'),
#         re.compile(r'^sohu-search'),
#     ]
DISALLOWED_USER_AGENTS = []

ABSOLUTE_URL_OVERRIDES = {}

# List of compiled regular expression objects representing URLs that need not
# be reported by BrokenLinkEmailsMiddleware. Here are a few examples:
#    import re
#    IGNORABLE_404_URLS = [
#        re.compile(r'^/apple-touch-icon.*\.png$'),
#        re.compile(r'^/favicon.ico$'),
#        re.compile(r'^/robots.txt$'),
#        re.compile(r'^/phpmyadmin/'),
#        re.compile(r'\.(cgi|php|pl)$'),
#    ]
IGNORABLE_404_URLS = []

# A secret key for this particular Django installation. Used in secret-key
# hashing algorithms. Set this in your settings, or Django will complain
# loudly.
SECRET_KEY = ''

# Default file storage mechanism that holds media.
DEFAULT_FILE_STORAGE = 'django.core.files.storage.FileSystemStorage'

# Absolute filesystem path to the directory that will hold user-uploaded files.
# Example: "/var/www/example.com/media/"
MEDIA_ROOT = ''

# URL that handles the media served from MEDIA_ROOT.
# Examples: "http://example.com/media/", "http://media.example.com/"
MEDIA_URL = ''

# Absolute path to the directory static files should be collected to.
# Example: "/var/www/example.com/static/"
STATIC_ROOT = None

# URL that handles the static files served from STATIC_ROOT.
# Example: "http://example.com/static/", "http://static.example.com/"
STATIC_URL = None

# List of upload handler classes to be applied in order.
FILE_UPLOAD_HANDLERS = [
    'django.core.files.uploadhandler.MemoryFileUploadHandler',
    'django.core.files.uploadhandler.TemporaryFileUploadHandler',
]

# Maximum size, in bytes, of a request before it will be streamed to the
# file system instead of into memory.
FILE_UPLOAD_MAX_MEMORY_SIZE = 2621440  # i.e. 2.5 MB

# Maximum size in bytes of request data (excluding file uploads) that will be
# read before a SuspiciousOperation (RequestDataTooBig) is raised.
DATA_UPLOAD_MAX_MEMORY_SIZE = 2621440  # i.e. 2.5 MB

# Maximum number of GET/POST parameters that will be read before a
# SuspiciousOperation (TooManyFieldsSent) is raised.
DATA_UPLOAD_MAX_NUMBER_FIELDS = 1000

# Directory in which upload streamed files will be temporarily saved. A value of
# `None` will make Django use the operating system's default temporary directory
# (i.e. "/tmp" on *nix systems).
FILE_UPLOAD_TEMP_DIR = None

# The numeric mode to set newly-uploaded files to. The value should be a mode
# you'd pass directly to os.chmod; see https://docs.python.org/library/os.html#files-and-directories.
FILE_UPLOAD_PERMISSIONS = None

# The numeric mode to assign to newly-created directories, when uploading files.
# The value should be a mode as you'd pass to os.chmod;
# see https://docs.python.org/library/os.html#files-and-directories.
FILE_UPLOAD_DIRECTORY_PERMISSIONS = None

# Python module path where user will place custom format definition.
# The directory where this setting is pointing should contain subdirectories
# named as the locales, containing a formats.py file
# (i.e. "myproject.locale" for myproject/locale/en/formats.py etc. use)
FORMAT_MODULE_PATH = None

# Default formatting for date objects. See all available format strings here:
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
DATE_FORMAT = 'N j, Y'

# Default formatting for datetime objects. See all available format strings here:
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
DATETIME_FORMAT = 'N j, Y, P'

# Default formatting for time objects. See all available format strings here:
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
TIME_FORMAT = 'P'

# Default formatting for date objects when only the year and month are relevant.
# See all available format strings here:
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = 'F Y'

# Default formatting for date objects when only the month and day are relevant.
# See all available format strings here:
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'F j'

# Default short formatting for date objects. See all available format strings here:
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'm/d/Y'

# Default short formatting for datetime objects.
# See all available format strings here:
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'm/d/Y P'

# Default formats to be used when parsing dates from input boxes, in order
# See all available format string here:
# https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-behavior
# * Note that these format strings are different from the ones to display dates
DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
    '%Y-%m-%d', '%m/%d/%Y', '%m/%d/%y',  # '2006-10-25', '10/25/2006', '10/25/06'
    '%b %d %Y', '%b %d, %Y',             # 'Oct 25 2006', 'Oct 25, 2006'
    '%d %b %Y', '%d %b, %Y',             # '25 Oct 2006', '25 Oct, 2006'
    '%B %d %Y', '%B %d, %Y',             # 'October 25 2006', 'October 25, 2006'
    '%d %B %Y', '%d %B, %Y',             # '25 October 2006', '25 October, 2006'
]

# Default formats to be used when parsing times from input boxes, in order
# See all available format string here:
# https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-behavior
# * Note that these format strings are different from the ones to display dates
TIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
    '%H:%M:%S',     # '14:30:59'
    '%H:%M:%S.%f',  # '14:30:59.000200'
    '%H:%M',        # '14:30'
]

# Default formats to be used when parsing dates and times from input boxes,
# in order
# See all available format string here:
# https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-behavior
# * Note that these format strings are different from the ones to display dates
DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S',     # '2006-10-25 14:30:59'
    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '2006-10-25 14:30:59.000200'
    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M',        # '2006-10-25 14:30'
    '%Y-%m-%d',              # '2006-10-25'
    '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S',     # '10/25/2006 14:30:59'
    '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '10/25/2006 14:30:59.000200'
    '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M',        # '10/25/2006 14:30'
    '%m/%d/%Y',              # '10/25/2006'
    '%m/%d/%y %H:%M:%S',     # '10/25/06 14:30:59'
    '%m/%d/%y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '10/25/06 14:30:59.000200'
    '%m/%d/%y %H:%M',        # '10/25/06 14:30'
    '%m/%d/%y',              # '10/25/06'
]

# First day of week, to be used on calendars
# 0 means Sunday, 1 means Monday...
FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 0

# Decimal separator symbol
DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = '.'

# Boolean that sets whether to add thousand separator when formatting numbers
USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = False

# Number of digits that will be together, when splitting them by
# THOUSAND_SEPARATOR. 0 means no grouping, 3 means splitting by thousands...
NUMBER_GROUPING = 0

# Thousand separator symbol
THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = ','

# The tablespaces to use for each model when not specified otherwise.
DEFAULT_TABLESPACE = ''
DEFAULT_INDEX_TABLESPACE = ''

# Default X-Frame-Options header value
X_FRAME_OPTIONS = 'SAMEORIGIN'

USE_X_FORWARDED_HOST = False
USE_X_FORWARDED_PORT = False

# The Python dotted path to the WSGI application that Django's internal server
# (runserver) will use. If `None`, the return value of
# 'django.core.wsgi.get_wsgi_application' is used, thus preserving the same
# behavior as previous versions of Django. Otherwise this should point to an
# actual WSGI application object.
WSGI_APPLICATION = None

# If your Django app is behind a proxy that sets a header to specify secure
# connections, AND that proxy ensures that user-submitted headers with the
# same name are ignored (so that people can't spoof it), set this value to
# a tuple of (header_name, header_value). For any requests that come in with
# that header/value, request.is_secure() will return True.
# WARNING! Only set this if you fully understand what you're doing. Otherwise,
# you may be opening yourself up to a security risk.
SECURE_PROXY_SSL_HEADER = None

##############
# MIDDLEWARE #
##############

# List of middleware to use. Order is important; in the request phase, these
# middleware will be applied in the order given, and in the response
# phase the middleware will be applied in reverse order.
MIDDLEWARE = []

############
# SESSIONS #
############

# Cache to store session data if using the cache session backend.
SESSION_CACHE_ALIAS = 'default'
# Cookie name. This can be whatever you want.
SESSION_COOKIE_NAME = 'sessionid'
# Age of cookie, in seconds (default: 2 weeks).
SESSION_COOKIE_AGE = 60 * 60 * 24 * 7 * 2
# A string like "example.com", or None for standard domain cookie.
SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN = None
# Whether the session cookie should be secure (https:// only).
SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE = False
# The path of the session cookie.
SESSION_COOKIE_PATH = '/'
# Whether to use the non-RFC standard httpOnly flag (IE, FF3+, others)
SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY = True
# Whether to set the flag restricting cookie leaks on cross-site requests.
# This can be 'Lax', 'Strict', or None to disable the flag.
SESSION_COOKIE_SAMESITE = 'Lax'
# Whether to save the session data on every request.
SESSION_SAVE_EVERY_REQUEST = False
# Whether a user's session cookie expires when the Web browser is closed.
SESSION_EXPIRE_AT_BROWSER_CLOSE = False
# The module to store session data
SESSION_ENGINE = 'django.contrib.sessions.backends.db'
# Directory to store session files if using the file session module. If None,
# the backend will use a sensible default.
SESSION_FILE_PATH = None
# class to serialize session data
SESSION_SERIALIZER = 'django.contrib.sessions.serializers.JSONSerializer'

#########
# CACHE #
#########

# The cache backends to use.
CACHES = {
    'default': {
        'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.locmem.LocMemCache',
    }
}
CACHE_MIDDLEWARE_KEY_PREFIX = ''
CACHE_MIDDLEWARE_SECONDS = 600
CACHE_MIDDLEWARE_ALIAS = 'default'

##################
# AUTHENTICATION #
##################

AUTH_USER_MODEL = 'auth.User'

AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS = ['django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend']

LOGIN_URL = '/accounts/login/'

LOGIN_REDIRECT_URL = '/accounts/profile/'

LOGOUT_REDIRECT_URL = None

# The number of days a password reset link is valid for
PASSWORD_RESET_TIMEOUT_DAYS = 3

# the first hasher in this list is the preferred algorithm.  any
# password using different algorithms will be converted automatically
# upon login
PASSWORD_HASHERS = [
    'django.contrib.auth.hashers.PBKDF2PasswordHasher',
    'django.contrib.auth.hashers.PBKDF2SHA1PasswordHasher',
    'django.contrib.auth.hashers.Argon2PasswordHasher',
    'django.contrib.auth.hashers.BCryptSHA256PasswordHasher',
]

AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS = []

###########
# SIGNING #
###########

SIGNING_BACKEND = 'django.core.signing.TimestampSigner'

########
# CSRF #
########

# Dotted path to callable to be used as view when a request is
# rejected by the CSRF middleware.
CSRF_FAILURE_VIEW = 'django.views.csrf.csrf_failure'

# Settings for CSRF cookie.
CSRF_COOKIE_NAME = 'csrftoken'
CSRF_COOKIE_AGE = 60 * 60 * 24 * 7 * 52
CSRF_COOKIE_DOMAIN = None
CSRF_COOKIE_PATH = '/'
CSRF_COOKIE_SECURE = False
CSRF_COOKIE_HTTPONLY = False
CSRF_COOKIE_SAMESITE = 'Lax'
CSRF_HEADER_NAME = 'HTTP_X_CSRFTOKEN'
CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS = []
CSRF_USE_SESSIONS = False

############
# MESSAGES #
############

# Class to use as messages backend
MESSAGE_STORAGE = 'django.contrib.messages.storage.fallback.FallbackStorage'

# Default values of MESSAGE_LEVEL and MESSAGE_TAGS are defined within
# django.contrib.messages to avoid imports in this settings file.

###########
# LOGGING #
###########

# The callable to use to configure logging
LOGGING_CONFIG = 'logging.config.dictConfig'

# Custom logging configuration.
LOGGING = {}

# Default exception reporter filter class used in case none has been
# specifically assigned to the HttpRequest instance.
DEFAULT_EXCEPTION_REPORTER_FILTER = 'django.views.debug.SafeExceptionReporterFilter'

###########
# TESTING #
###########

# The name of the class to use to run the test suite
TEST_RUNNER = 'django.test.runner.DiscoverRunner'

# Apps that don't need to be serialized at test database creation time
# (only apps with migrations are to start with)
TEST_NON_SERIALIZED_APPS = []

############
# FIXTURES #
############

# The list of directories to search for fixtures
FIXTURE_DIRS = []

###############
# STATICFILES #
###############

# A list of locations of additional static files
STATICFILES_DIRS = []

# The default file storage backend used during the build process
STATICFILES_STORAGE = 'django.contrib.staticfiles.storage.StaticFilesStorage'

# List of finder classes that know how to find static files in
# various locations.
STATICFILES_FINDERS = [
    'django.contrib.staticfiles.finders.FileSystemFinder',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles.finders.AppDirectoriesFinder',
    # 'django.contrib.staticfiles.finders.DefaultStorageFinder',
]

##############
# MIGRATIONS #
##############

# Migration module overrides for apps, by app label.
MIGRATION_MODULES = {}

#################
# SYSTEM CHECKS #
#################

# List of all issues generated by system checks that should be silenced. Light
# issues like warnings, infos or debugs will not generate a message. Silencing
# serious issues like errors and criticals does not result in hiding the
# message, but Django will not stop you from e.g. running server.
SILENCED_SYSTEM_CHECKS = []

#######################
# SECURITY MIDDLEWARE #
#######################
SECURE_BROWSER_XSS_FILTER = False
SECURE_CONTENT_TYPE_NOSNIFF = False
SECURE_HSTS_INCLUDE_SUBDOMAINS = False
SECURE_HSTS_PRELOAD = False
SECURE_HSTS_SECONDS = 0
SECURE_REDIRECT_EXEMPT = []
SECURE_SSL_HOST = None
SECURE_SSL_REDIRECT = False

其中，我们可以找到

AUTH_USER_MODEL = 'auth.User'

AUTH_USER_MODEL = '应用名.模型类名'
AUTH_USER_MODEL 参数的设置以点.来分隔，表示应用名.模型类名。
**注意：Django建议我们对于AUTH_USER_MODEL参数的设置一定要在第一次数据库迁移之前就设置好，否则后续使用可能出现未知错误。**

# 自定义用户模型
AUTH_USER_MODEL = 'user.User'

二、用户注册功能之图片验证码刷新功能实现：

用户注册功能：

一、设计接口思路

• 分析业务逻辑，明确在这个业务中需要涉及到几个相关子业务，将每个子业务当做一个接口来设计
• 分析接口的功能任务，明确接口的访问方式与返回数据：
  • 接口的请求方式，如GET 、POST 、PUT等
  • 接口的URL路径定义
  • 需要前端传递的数据及数据格式（如路径参数、查询字符串、请求体表单、JSON等）
  • 返回给前端的数据及数据格式

二、功能分析

• 用户名判断是否存在
• 手机号判断是否存在
• 图片验证码
• 短信验证码
• 注册保存用户数据

图片验证码、短信验证码考虑到后续可能会在其他业务中也会用到，因此将验证码功能独立出来，创建一个新应用verifications，在此应用中实现图片验证码、短信验证码

后端视图实现

b.由于验证（图片验证、短信验证）功能，以后有可能在其他应用或项目中重用，所以单独创建一个应用来实现，所有验证相关的业务逻辑接口。在apps目录中创建一个verifications应用，并在settings.py文件中的INSTALLED_APPS列表中指定。

python manage.py startapp verifications

# 在settings.py里面注册
INSTALLED_APPS = [
    'django.contrib.admin',
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
    'users',
    'verifications',

]

三、图片验证码接口代码实现

1.图片验证码认证

请求方法：GET

url定义：/image_code/<uuid:image_code_id>/

请求参数：url路径参数

参数	类型	前端是否必须传	描述
image_codes	uuid字符串	是	图片验证码编号

uuid：Universally unique identifier(eg. 123e4567-e89b-12d3-a456-426655440000)
1、使用session保存图片验证码：
session通过前端随机数进行js发送请求，只是为了消除缓存的影响，不作为键名。
image_code:test
2、使用redis保存图片验证码
redis使用uuid进行js发送请求，同时也作为redis的键名。
uuid:test
使用session和redis的比较：使用redis更快，因为是访问内存数据库，时间设定灵活，session相当于只能设置一个时间。
推荐使用redis

2.后端视图实现

a.将生成图像验证码的模块文件夹（百度云盘有提供captcha文件夹）复制粘贴到项目根目录utils文件夹下

b.用于验证（图片验证、短信验证）功能，以后有可能在其他应用或项目中重用，所以单独创建一个应用来实现，所有验证相关的业务逻辑接口。在apps目录中创建一个verifications应用，并在settings.py文件中的INSTALLED_APPS列表中指定。

需要安装pillow包

# 在verifications/views.py文件中添加如下代码：


import logging

from django.shortcuts import render
from django.views import View
from django_redis import get_redis_connection
from django.http import HttpResponse

from utils.captcha.captcha import captcha
# 安装图片验证码所需要的 Pillow 模块
# pip install Pillow
from users.models import Users

# 导入日志器
logger = logging.getLogger('django')


class ImageCode(View):
    """
    define image verification view
    # /image_codes/<uuid:image_code_id>/
    """
    def get(self, request, image_code_id):
        text, image = captcha.generate_captcha()
        # 确保settings.py文件中有配置redis CACHE
        # Redis原生指令参考 http://redisdoc.com/index.html
        # Redis python客户端 方法参考 http://redis-py.readthedocs.io/en/latest/#indices-and-tables
        con_redis = get_redis_connection(alias='verify_codes')
        img_key = "img_{}".format(image_code_id).encode('utf-8')
        # 将图片验证码的key和验证码文本保存到redis中，并设置过期时间
        con_redis.setex(img_key,300, text)
        logger.info("Image code: {}".format(text))
        # HttpResponse(content=响应体, content_type=响应体数据类型, status=状态码)
        return HttpResponse(content=image, content_type="image/jpg")

d.本项目需要将图形验证码、短信验证码以及用户的会话信息保存到redis服务器中，所以需要在settings.py文件中指定如下配置信息：

# settings.py文件中加入如下内容：

CACHES = {
    "default": {
        "BACKEND": "django_redis.cache.RedisCache",  # 指定redis缓存后端
        "LOCATION": "redis://127.0.0.1:6379/0",
        "OPTIONS": {
            "CLIENT_CLASS": "django_redis.client.DefaultClient",
            # "PASSWORD": "mysecret"
        }
    },
    
    "verify_codes": {
        "BACKEND": "django_redis.cache.RedisCache",
        "LOCATION": "redis://127.0.0.1:6379/1",
        "OPTIONS": {
            "CLIENT_CLASS": "django_redis.client.DefaultClient",
        }
    },
}

e.在verifications应用下创建一个urls.py文件并添加如下内容：

# verifications应用下创建一个urls.py

from django.urls import path, re_path

from . import views

app_name = "verifications"

urlpatterns = [
    # re_path(r'^image_codes/(?P<image_code_id>[\w-]+)/$', view=views.ImageCodeView.as_view(), name="image_code"),
    # image_code_id为uuid格式
    path('image_code/<uuid:image_code_id>/', views.ImageCode.as_view(), name='image_code'),

]

3.前端代码实现

html代码：

{% extends 'base/base.html' %}
{% load static %}
<!-- css title start -->
{% block title %}
  注册页
{% endblock %}
<!-- css title end -->

{% block link %}
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../static/css/authPro/auth.css">
{% endblock %}

{% block main %}
<!-- container start -->
<main id="container">
  <div class="register-contain">
    <div class="top-contain">
      <h4 class="please-register">请注册</h4>
      <a href="{% url 'users:login' %}" class="login">立即登录 &gt;</a>
    </div>
    <form action="" method="post" class="form-contain">
      {% csrf_token %}
      <div class="form-item">
        <input type="text" placeholder="请输入用户名" name="username" id="user_name" class="form-control" autocomplete="off">
      </div>
      <div class="form-item">
        <input type="password" placeholder="请输入密码" name="password" class="form-control">
      </div>
      <div class="form-item">
        <input type="password" placeholder="请输入确认密码" name="password_repeat" class="form-control">
      </div>
      <div class="form-item">
        <input type="tel" placeholder="请输入手机号" name="telephone" class="form-control" id="mobile" autocomplete="off">
      </div>
      <div class="form-item">
        <input type="text" placeholder="请输入图形验证码" name="captcha_graph" id="input_captcha" class="form-captcha">
        <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="captcha-graph-img">
          <img src="" alt="验证码" title="点击刷新">
        </a>
      </div>
      <div class="form-item">
        <input type="text" placeholder="请输入短信验证码" name="sms_captcha" class="form-captcha" autocomplete="off">
        <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="sms-captcha" title="发送验证码">获取短信验证码</a>
      </div>
      <div class="form-item">
        <input type="submit" value="立即注册" class="register-btn">
      </div>
    </form>
  </div>
</main>
<!-- container end -->
{% endblock %}

{% block script %}
  <script src="{% static 'js/users/register.js' %}"></script>

{% endblock %}

在js文件夹下创建一个users文件夹用户存放用户模块相关的js文件，在users文件下创建auth.js文件。

$(function () {

    let $img = $(".form-item .captcha-graph-img img");   // 获取图像

    // let $imgCodeText = $('#input_captcha');
    // console.log(img);
    genreate();
    $img.click(genreate);
    function genreate() {
		let sImageCodeId = generateUUID()
        let imageCodeUrl = '/image_code/' + sImageCodeId + '/';

        $img.attr('src', imageCodeUrl)
    }

     // 生成图片UUID验证码
  function generateUUID() {
    let d = new Date().getTime();
    if (window.performance && typeof window.performance.now === "function") {
        d += performance.now(); //use high-precision timer if available
    }
    let uuid = 'xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx'.replace(/[xy]/g, function (c) {
        let r = (d + Math.random() * 16) % 16 | 0;
        d = Math.floor(d / 16);
        return (c == 'x' ? r : (r & 0x3 | 0x8)).toString(16);
    });
    return uuid;
  }

});

知识点总结：
1、uuid使用
2、session或redis保存图片验证码，为了进行图片验证码的对比和消除浏览器缓存效果，session默认使用mysql，也可以使用redis来保存session
3、{% load static %}可以在settings中设置

就可以不用每个模板都写{% load static %}了