[Python]面向对象编程之描述符(Descriptors)

        描述符可以理解为表示对象属性的一个代理。如你的对象有代理，并且这个代理有一个“get”属性(__get__)，当这个代理被调用时，你就可以访问这个对象了。当你试图使用描述符(set)给一个对象赋值或删除一个对象(delete)时，这同样适用。

        严格来说，描述符可以是任何(新式)类，这种类至少实现了三个特殊方法__get__()，__set__()，__delete__()中的一个，这三个特殊方法充当描述符协议的作用。没有实现__set__()方法的类被当成方法描述符，或者准确的说是非数据描述符，那些同时实现了__get__()和__set__()的类被称作数据描述符。

__get__,__set__和__delete__的原型：

def __get__(self, obj, type = None) =>value

def __set__(self, obj, val)  =>None

def __delete__(self, obj) =>None

如果实例调用了__get__,给定类X的实例x，x.foo由__getattribute__()转化为：

type(x).__dict__['foo'].__get__(x,type(x))

如果类调用了__get__,那么None将作为对象被传入:

X.__dict__['foo'].__get__(None,X)

如果super()被调用了，比如给定类Y为X的子类，然后用super(Y,obj).foo在obj.__class__.__mro__中紧接着类Y沿着继承树来查找类X,然后调用：

X.__dict__['foo'].__get__(obj,X)

然后描述符会负责返回需要的对象。

在Python中，访问一个属性的优先级顺序按照如下顺序:
1.类属性
2.数据描述符
3.实例属性
4.非数据描述符
5.__getattr__()方法。

class DevNull(object):
    def __get__(self,obj,type = None):
        pass
    def __set__(self,obj,val):
        pass
    
class C1(object):
    foo = DevNull()
    
c1 = C1()
c1.foo = 'bar'
print 'c1.foo contains:',c1.foo

c1.foo contains: None

class DevNull2(object):
    def __get__(self,obj,type = None):
        print "Accessing attribute ... ignoring"
    def __set__(self,obj,val):
        print "Attempt to assign %r...ignoring"%(val)
        
class C2(object):
    foo = DevNull2()

c2 = C2()
c2.foo = 'bar'
x = c2.foo
print "c2.foo contains:",x

Attempt to assign 'bar'...ignoring
Accessing attribute ... ignoring
c2.foo contains: None

class DevNull3(object):
    def __init__(self,name = None):
        self.name = name
    def __get__(self,obj,type=None):
        print "Accessing [%s]... ignoring"%(self.name)
    def __set__(self,obj,val):
        print "Assigning %r to [%s]...ignoring"%(val,self.name)

class C3(object):
    foo = DevNull3()
    
c3 = C3()
c3.foo = 'bar'
x = c3.foo
print "c3.foo contains:",x
print "let us sneak it into C3 instance..."
c3.__dict__['foo'] = 'bar'
x = c3.foo
print "c3.foo contains:",x
print "c3.__dict__['foo'] contains:%r"%(c3.__dict__['foo'])

Assigning 'bar' to [None]...ignoring
Accessing [None]... ignoring
c3.foo contains: None
let us sneak it into C3 instance...
Accessing [None]... ignoring
c3.foo contains: None
c3.__dict__['foo'] contains:'bar'

class FooFoo(object):
        def foo(self):
            print "very important foo() method"

bar = FooFoo()
bar.foo()
bar.foo = 'It is no longer a function'
print bar.foo
del bar.foo
bar.foo()

def barBar():
    print "foo() hidden by barBar()"
    
bar.foo = barBar
bar.foo()
del bar.foo
bar.foo()

very important foo() method
It is no longer a function
very important foo() method
foo() hidden by barBar()
very important foo() method
        总结：静态方法、类方法、属性，甚至所有的函数都是描述符。描述符会根据函数的类型确定如何“封装”这个函数和函数被绑定的对象，然后返回调用对象。它的工作方式是这样的：函数本身就是一个描述符，函数的__get__()方法用来处理调用对象，并将调用对象返回给你。

REF：Core Python Programming