人工智能教程 - 数学基础课程1.2 - 数学分析（二）1. 向量和点积

向量和点积

Vectors

向量属性：

• direction(方向)
• magnitude length(大小)
  

$\overrightarrow{A}=a_1\overrightarrow{i}+a_2\overrightarrow{j}+a_3\overrightarrow{k}=<a_1,a_2,a_3>$

length $|\overrightarrow{A}|$ :标量(a scalar)

length of $\overrightarrow{A}==<3,2,1>$

$\overrightarrow{B}=3\overrightarrow{i}+2\overrightarrow{j}$

$|\overrightarrow{A}{|}^2=|\overrightarrow{B}{|}^2+1$

$|\overrightarrow{B}|=\sqrt{3^2+2^2}=\sqrt{13}$

$|\overrightarrow{A}|=\sqrt{|\overrightarrow{B}{|}^2+1}=\sqrt{13+1}=\sqrt{14}$

In general ,$\overrightarrow{A}=<a_1,a_2,a_3>$

$|\overrightarrow{A}|=\sqrt{a_1^2+a_2^2+a_3^2}$

Addition:

$\overrightarrow{A}+\overrightarrow{B}=<a_1+b_1,a_2+b_2,a_3+b_3>$

向量和标量的乘法 multiplication by a scalar

点积 Dot Product

Def:

$\overrightarrow{A}.\overrightarrow{B}=\sum a_i{b}_i=<a_1{b}_1+a_2{b}_2+a_3{b}_3>$

标量a scalar number

从几何上,

$\overrightarrow{A}.\overrightarrow{B}=|\overrightarrow{A}|.|\overrightarrow{B}|.cos(\Theta )$

几何上是如何定义的?

1. $\overrightarrow{A}.\overrightarrow{A}=|\overrightarrow{A}{|}^2.cos0=|\overrightarrow{A}{|}^2$

2. law of cosin :$|\overrightarrow{C}{|}^2=|\overrightarrow{A}{|}^2+|\overrightarrow{B}{|}^2-2|\overrightarrow{A}||\overrightarrow{B}|.cos\Theta$

$|\overrightarrow{C}{|}^2=|\overrightarrow{C}|.|\overrightarrow{C}|=(\overrightarrow{A}-\overrightarrow{B}).(\overrightarrow{A}-\overrightarrow{B})$

$=\overrightarrow{A}\overrightarrow{A}-\overrightarrow{A}\overrightarrow{B}-\overrightarrow{B}\overrightarrow{A}+\overrightarrow{B}\overrightarrow{B}$

$=|\overrightarrow{A}|+|\overrightarrow{B}|-2\overrightarrow{A}.\overrightarrow{B}$

应用 APPLICATIONS:

1)计算长度和角度 computing lengths and angles

Ex:

$cos\theta =\frac{\overrightarrow{PQ}.\overrightarrow{PR}}{|\overrightarrow{PQ}|.|\overrightarrow{PR}|}=\frac{<-1,1,0>.<-1,0,2>}{\sqrt{2}.\sqrt{5}}$

$=\frac{1+0+0}{\sqrt{2}\sqrt{5}}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{10}}$

$\theta =co{s}^{-1}(\frac{1}{\sqrt{10}})\approx 71.5^o$

$signof\overrightarrow{A}.\overrightarrow{B}\{\begin{array}{c}>0iF\theta <90^o\\ =0iF\theta =90^o\\ <0iF\theta >90^o\end{array}$

2)检查正交性 (Detect orthogonality)

The set of points where x+2y+3z=0 is …
answer:equation of a plane

$\overrightarrow{OP}=<x,y,z>$

$\overrightarrow{A}=<1,2,3>$

$\overrightarrow{OP}.\overrightarrow{A}=0$

$\iff \overrightarrow{OP}\perp \overrightarrow{A}$

一个经过原点和A垂直的平面(Get:plane through 0,perpendicular to A)

Remember:

$\overrightarrow{A}.\overrightarrow{B}=0\iff cos\theta =0$

$\iff \theta =90^o$

$\iff \overrightarrow{A}\perp \overrightarrow{B}$