人工智能教程 - 数学基础课程1.2 - 数学分析(二)-15,16

偏微分方程

Partial differential equation:
:是由未知函数的偏导构成的方程。
(:equations involving partial derivatives of an unknown function)
Ex:
热传导方程:(物理)(Heat equation)

$\frac{\partial f}{\partial t}=k(\frac{{\partial }^{2}f}{\partial x^2}+\frac{{\partial }^{2}f}{\partial y^2}+\frac{{\partial }^{2}f}{\partial z^2})$

f(x, y, z, t)
temperature at (x, y, z) at time t

二重积分

Double integrals
Remember: function of 1 variable f(x)
${\int }_a^{b}f(x)dx$
area below graph of f over [a, b]
看 z = f(x, y)的图像下方的面积
Double integral = volume below graph z = f(x, y)

over a region R in xy-plane

${\iint }_{R}f(x,y)dA$

dA 表示:一小块 A表示面积
定义: (二重积分)的实际定义是将R分为多个小块
(definition: cut R into small pieces of area $\Delta A_i$)

(${\sum }_{i}f(x,y).\Delta A_i$)
Take the limit as $\Delta A_i\to 0$, get $\iint$
To compute ${\iint }_{R}f(x,y)dA$: take slice let S(x)=area of slice by plane // yz plane

$Volume=[{\int }_{ymin(x)}^{ymax(x)}f(x,y)dy]dx$

从内积$\to$外积来计算
同时可以交换积分的次序
Exchange order of integration

Easier way: 极坐标(polar coords)