Perl 学习笔记（2）

 

Basic operation

check version : perl -v
perldoc
perldoc perl
man perl
CPAN
-w             enable warning， in command line
use warnings      enable warning， 5.6.x以后perfer
q{}=''           won't interpolate
qq{}=""      interpolate variables
qx{}=``
qw{}
m//       pattern matching
s///       replace
tr///     interpolate $ a d @ variables
ord       get the numeic value of a character,  e.g. ord("#")
[-564]     从后往前数第564个元素
List     （1,2,3）
Array      @a=(1,2,3)
增加元素     @a=(@a,4);
$count=@a     $count等于array的长度
使用array做index访问array              @index = (0,2);
                                        print @a[@b];
reverse
push       add last element in array
pop        remove last element in array
shift      remove a element from start of an array
unshift    place an element at the start of an array
hash       %link = (
                     A=>1,
                     B=>2,
                     C=>3,
                     );
delete
keys
values
each

==========================================================

 

Regular expression

=~     binding operator
!~      negetive binding operator
\Q   \E    不转义metacharacter
anchoring matches   ^ beginning   $   end
[abc]      包含any one of a,b,c
[^abc]      caret symbol ^  不包含
hyphen   -     从 。。到。。
（?i)      prevent Perl from interpreting the search pattern as case sensitive,   e.g. $a=~ /(?i)(Heath\w?)/

Perl5.6.0支持
[[:alpha:]]   alphabetic characters
[[:alnum:]]    alphabetic characters or numeric characters
[[:digit:]]    0 to 9
[[:lower:]]    lowercase letters
[[:upper:]]    upcase letters
[[:punct:]]    punctuation character标点符号

（a|b|c)    相当于  [abc]     alternatives operator |
但是  | 更灵活    e.g. (aa|ws|edc)

Quantifiers
*?    to find the first match that occurs
+?     to find a match using as few repeats as possible, but allow at least one repeat
??     to find a match using zero repeats if possible

Backreference
找到符合的pattern后，perl将value存到$1,$2,$3....

Search-and-replace
s/e/a/
/i 不区分大小写
/g  全局替换
/m  think m for multiple lines，看做多行，这时锚定针对每一行，而非整个字符串
/s   Let . match \n ， 忽略新行
/\G   match 最后一个
/x    Ignore most whitespace and allow comments

Transliteration
tr/abcd/efgh/    replace   a->e   b->f  c->g   d->h
/d   删除无对应的字符，    e.g.   $a=~tr/Cre/Db/d       e没有对应的字符，e将被删除

split /分隔符/,str
join
?#    inline comments   
?:    如果没有match，指定的backreference将不会为空，而是存放下一个match。 Prenvent Perl from backreferencing the empty value.
lookaheads      ?=   only match if the preceding word is the one you have specified   , 指定后面跟着的文字   
negative lookaheads     ?!
lookbehinds       ?<       only match if the following word is the one you have specified    ， 指定前面的文字, e.g.  $a =~ s/(?<=wedding) day/ vows/   将wedding day中的day换为vows
negative  lookbehinds        ?<!

==========================

 

Variables and parameters

 

$_      global scalar for pattern-matching and subsitution operation, and also used by filehandlers when reading in and wrinitng to files.
@_      子程序的输入参数
@ARGV   store the inout command-line arguments for use in scripts.
$ARGV    contains the name of the current file when reading from the null filehandle <>
$(number)    backreference, contains the regular expression pattern memory.
$&       contains the string that was last successfully mathced in a pattern
$`      contains the string that preceded the last successful pattern match
$'      contains the string that was after the last successful pattern match
$+      contains the last string that was matched to a grouped subpattern in the last search.
@+       it is array, refer to the back pointer position of the last successful match in the referenced string
@-      list the front pointer's position

input/output variables
$.          最后读取的filehandle的行数
$/          input record separator
$\          out put reord separator
$|          internal flag， usually set to zero
$,          output filed separator
$"          output field separator when a array variable has been interpolated into a double-quoted string
$-          contains the number of lines still left to print for the default filehandle.

$?           进程的退出状态
$@           eval()的错误信息
$!           当前的errno的值， 系统的错误信息, error message

File handle
STDIN
STDOUT
STDERR
open FIEHANDLE, "c:\\test\\abc.txt"
<...>    diamond operator,  readline operator
reading from te command line    
       while (<>)
reading from entire files    
       my $file= <FILEHANDLE>
reading in a while loop
       while(<FILEHANDLE>)
reading with an array
       @book=<FILEHANDLE>

select     改变默认的输出句柄,(默认会使用 STDOUT)