初识机器学习 | 7.决策树

import numpy as np
import matplotlib
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

%matplotlib
%matplotlib inline
%config InlineBackend.figure_format = 'retina'

Using matplotlib backend: MacOSX

def plot_decision_boundary(model, axis):
    
    x0, x1 = np.meshgrid(
        np.linspace(axis[0], axis[1], int((axis[1]-axis[0])*100)).reshape(-1, 1),
        np.linspace(axis[2], axis[3], int((axis[3]-axis[2])*100)).reshape(-1, 1),
    )
    X_new = np.c_[x0.ravel(), x1.ravel()]

    y_predict = model.predict(X_new)
    zz = y_predict.reshape(x0.shape)

    from matplotlib.colors import ListedColormap
    custom_cmap = ListedColormap(['#EF9A9A','#FFF59D','#90CAF9'])
    
    plt.contourf(x0, x1, zz, cmap=custom_cmap)

初探决策树

莺尾花数据集，当前选取后面两个维度。莺尾花分为以下三类。

from sklearn import datasets

iris = datasets.load_iris()
x = iris.data[:, 2:]
y = iris.target

plt.scatter(x[y==0,0], x[y==0,1])
plt.scatter(x[y==1,0], x[y==1,1])
plt.scatter(x[y==2,0], x[y==2,1])
plt.show()

from sklearn.tree import DecisionTreeClassifier

# 设置树的深度为2, 使用信息熵
dt_clf = DecisionTreeClassifier(max_depth=2, criterion="entropy", random_state=42)
tree = dt_clf.fit(x, y)

plot_decision_boundary(dt_clf, axis=[0.5, 7.5, 0, 3])
plt.scatter(x[y==0,0], x[y==0,1], label='calss_0')
plt.scatter(x[y==1,0], x[y==1,1], label='calss_1')
plt.scatter(x[y==2,0], x[y==2,1], label='calss_2')
plt.legend()
plt.show()

import graphviz 
from sklearn.tree import export_graphviz

dot_data = export_graphviz(dt_clf, filled=True, rounded=True, special_characters=True) 
graph = graphviz.Source(dot_data) 
graph 

上述决策过程, 关键的点：

• 每个节点选择哪个维度做划分
• 维度上划分的阀值多少

可通过做优化信息熵或基尼系数，搜索到该节点上的维度和对应的阀值。

信息熵

计算公式:
$$H=-\sum _{i=1}^k{p}_i\log \left(p_i\right)$$

二分类信息熵

$$H=-x\log (x)-(1-x)\log (1-x)$$

eg: 计算以下场景的信息熵

场景一: