一、偏导数的定义及其计算方法
1 偏导数的定义
定义 设函数 z = f ( x , y ) 在点 ( x 0 , y 0 ) 的某一邻域内有定义, z=f(x,y)在点(x_0,y_0)的某一邻域内有定义, z=f(x,y)在点(x0,y0)的某一邻域内有定义,当y固定在 y 0 y_0 y0,而x再 x 0 处有增量 Δ x x_0处有增量\Delta x x0处有增量Δx时,相应的函数有增量
f ( x 0 + Δ x , y 0 ) − f ( x 0 , y 0 ) f(x_0+\Delta x,y_0)-f(x_0,y_0) f(x0+Δx,y0)−f(x0,y0)
如果
lim Δ x → 0 f ( x 0 + Δ x , y 0 ) − f ( x 0 , y 0 ) Δ x \lim\limits_{\Delta x\to0}{\frac{f(x_0+\Delta x,y_0)-f(x_0,y_0)}{\Delta x}} Δx→0limΔxf(x0+Δx,y0)−f(x0,y0)
存在,那么称此极限为函数 z = f ( x , y ) 在点 ( x 0 , y 0 ) z=f(x,y)在点(x_0,y_0) z=f(x,y)在点(x0,y0)处对x的偏导数,记作
∂ z ∂ x ∣ x = x 0 y = y 0 \frac{\partial z}{\partial x}|_{x=x_0\ y=y_0} ∂x∂z∣x=x0 y=y0,或者 ∂ f ∂ x ∣ x = x 0 y = y 0 \frac{\partial f}{\partial x}|_{x=x_0\ y=y_0} ∂x∂f∣x=x0 y=y0或者 z x ∣ x = x 0 y = y 0 z_x|_{x=x_0\ y=y_0} zx∣x=x0 y=y0或者 f x ( x 0 , y 0 ) f_x(x_0,y_0) fx(x0,y0)
类似的,函数 z = f ( x , y ) 在点 ( x 0 , y 0 ) 对 y z=f(x,y)在点(x_0,y_0)对y z=f(x,y)在点(x0,y0)对y的偏导数定义为
lim Δ y → 0 f ( x 0 , y 0 + Δ y ) − f ( x 0 , y 0 ) Δ y \lim\limits_{\Delta y\to0}{\frac{f(x_0,y_0+\Delta y)-f(x_0,y_0)}{\Delta y}} Δy→0limΔyf(x0,y0+Δy)−f(x0,y0)
记作
∂ z ∂ y ∣ x = x 0 y = y 0 \frac{\partial z}{\partial y}|_{x=x_0\ y=y_0} ∂y∂z∣x=x0 y=y0,或者 ∂ f ∂ y ∣ x = x 0 y = y 0 \frac{\partial f}{\partial y}|_{x=x_0\ y=y_0} ∂y∂f∣x=x0 y=y0或者 z y ∣ x = x 0 y = y 0 z_y|_{x=x_0\ y=y_0} zy∣x=x0 y=y0或者 f y ( x 0 , y 0 ) f_y(x_0,y_0) fy(x0,y0)
如果函数 z = f ( x , y ) 在区域 D 内每一点 ( x , y ) z=f(x,y)在区域D内每一点(x,y) z=f(x,y)在区域D内每一点(x,y)对x的偏导数都存在,那么这个偏导数就是x,y的函数,它就成为函数 z = f ( x , y ) 对自变量 x z=f(x,y)对自变量x z=f(x,y)对自变量x的偏导函数,记作
∂ z ∂ x \frac{\partial z}{\partial x} ∂x∂z或者 ∂ f ∂ x \frac{\partial f}{\partial x} ∂x∂f或者 Z x Z_x Zx或 f x ( x , y ) f_x(x,y) fx(x,y)
类似的,可以定义函数 z = f ( x , y ) 对自变量 y z=f(x,y)对自变量y z=f(x,y)对自变量y的偏导函数,记作
∂ z ∂ y \frac{\partial z}{\partial y} ∂y∂z或者 ∂ f ∂ y \frac{\partial f}{\partial y} ∂y∂f或者 Z y Z_y Zy或 f y ( x , y ) f_y(x,y) fy(x,y)
2 偏导数的求法
对于函数 z = f ( x , y ) 求偏导 ∂ z ∂ x , ∂ z ∂ y z=f(x,y)求偏导\frac{\partial z}{\partial x},\frac{\partial z}{\partial y} z=f(x,y)求偏导∂x∂z,∂y∂z
- ∂ z ∂ x \frac{\partial z}{\partial x} ∂x∂z: 把y看做常量,对x求导;
- ∂ z ∂ y \frac{\partial z}{\partial y} ∂y∂z:把x看做常量,对y求导;
注:
- 推广
u
=
f
(
x
,
y
,
z
)
u = f(x,y,z)
u=f(x,y,z)
- 定义: u x ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) = lim Δ x → 0 u ( x 0 + Δ x , y 0 , z 0 − u ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) ) Δ x u_x(x_0,y_0,z_0)=\lim\limits_{\Delta x\to 0}{\frac{u(x_0+\Delta x,y_0,z_0-u(x_0,y_0,z_0))}{\Delta x}} ux(x0,y0,z0)=Δx→0limΔxu(x0+Δx,y0,z0−u(x0,y0,z0))
- 先求 ∂ u ∂ x \frac{\partial u}{\partial x} ∂x∂u,在带入点 ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) (x_0,y_0,z_0) (x0,y0,z0); ∂ u ∂ x \frac{\partial u}{\partial x} ∂x∂u:把y,z看做常量,对x求导
- z = f ( x , y ) 偏导数有 2 个 ∂ z ∂ x , ∂ z ∂ y z=f(x,y)偏导数有2个\frac{\partial z}{\partial x},\frac{\partial z}{\partial y} z=f(x,y)偏导数有2个∂x∂z,∂y∂z;z=f(x,y,z)偏导数有3个 ∂ u ∂ x \frac{\partial u}{\partial x} ∂x∂u, ∂ u ∂ y \frac{\partial u}{\partial y} ∂y∂u, ∂ u ∂ z \frac{\partial u}{\partial z} ∂z∂u
- ∂ u ∂ x \frac{\partial u}{\partial x} ∂x∂u是一个整体,是一个符号,不能拆分; d y d x \frac{dy}{dx} dxdy是微分的商。
例1 求
z
=
x
2
+
3
x
y
+
y
2
在
(
1
,
2
)
的偏导数
z=x^2+3xy+y^2在(1,2)的偏导数
z=x2+3xy+y2在(1,2)的偏导数
解:
∂
z
∂
x
=
2
x
+
3
y
f
x
(
1
,
2
)
=
2
+
6
=
8
∂
z
∂
y
=
3
x
+
2
y
f
y
(
1
,
2
)
=
3
+
4
=
7
解:\\ \frac{\partial z}{\partial x}=2x+3y\\ f_x(1,2)=2+6=8 \\ \frac{\partial z}{\partial y}=3x+2y\\ f_y(1,2)=3+4=7
解:∂x∂z=2x+3yfx(1,2)=2+6=8∂y∂z=3x+2yfy(1,2)=3+4=7
例2 求
z
=
x
2
sin
(
2
y
)
z=x^2\sin(2y)
z=x2sin(2y)的偏导数
解:
∂
z
∂
x
=
2
x
sin
(
2
y
)
∂
z
∂
y
=
2
x
2
cos
(
2
y
)
解:\\ \frac{\partial z}{\partial x}=2x\sin(2y)\\ \frac{\partial z}{\partial y}=2x^2\cos(2y)
解:∂x∂z=2xsin(2y)∂y∂z=2x2cos(2y)
例3 设
z
=
x
y
(
x
>
0
,
x
≠
1
)
z=x^y(x\gt0,x\not=1)
z=xy(x>0,x=1),求证
x
y
⋅
∂
z
∂
x
+
1
ln
x
⋅
∂
z
∂
y
=
2
z
\frac{x}{y}\cdot\frac{\partial z}{\partial x}+\frac{1}{\ln x}\cdot\frac{\partial z}{\partial y}=2z
yx⋅∂x∂z+lnx1⋅∂y∂z=2z
证明:
∂
z
∂
x
=
y
⋅
x
y
−
1
∂
z
∂
y
=
ln
x
⋅
x
6
∴
x
y
⋅
∂
z
∂
x
+
1
ln
x
⋅
∂
z
∂
y
=
x
y
⋅
y
⋅
x
y
−
1
+
1
ln
x
⋅
ln
x
⋅
x
y
=
2
z
证明:\\ \frac{\partial z}{\partial x}=y\cdot x^{y-1} \\ \frac{\partial z}{\partial y}=\ln x\cdot x^6 \\ \therefore \frac{x}{y}\cdot\frac{\partial z}{\partial x}+\frac{1}{\ln x}\cdot\frac{\partial z}{\partial y}= \frac{x}{y}\cdot y\cdot x^{y-1}+\frac{1}{\ln x}\cdot \ln x\cdot x^y= 2z
证明:∂x∂z=y⋅xy−1∂y∂z=lnx⋅x6∴yx⋅∂x∂z+lnx1⋅∂y∂z=yx⋅y⋅xy−1+lnx1⋅lnx⋅xy=2z
例4 求
r
=
x
2
+
y
2
+
z
2
r=\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}
r=x2+y2+z2的偏导数
解:
∂
r
∂
x
=
1
2
⋅
1
x
2
+
y
2
+
z
2
⋅
2
x
=
x
x
2
+
y
2
+
z
2
=
x
r
∂
r
∂
y
=
y
r
∂
r
∂
z
=
z
r
解:\\ \frac{\partial r}{\partial x}=\frac{1}{2}\cdot\frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}}\cdot 2x=\frac{x}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}}=\frac{x}{r} \\ \frac{\partial r}{\partial y}=\frac{y}{r}\\ \frac{\partial r}{\partial z}=\frac{z}{r}
解:∂x∂r=21⋅x2+y2+z21⋅2x=x2+y2+z2x=rx∂y∂r=ry∂z∂r=rz
3 偏导数的几何意义
设
M
0
(
x
0
,
y
0
,
f
(
x
0
,
y
0
)
)
为
z
=
f
(
x
,
y
)
M_0(x_0,y_0,f(x_0,y_0))为z=f(x,y)
M0(x0,y0,f(x0,y0))为z=f(x,y)上的一点,过
M
0
做平面
y
=
y
0
M_0做平面y=y_0
M0做平面y=y0则有曲线
{
z
=
f
(
x
,
y
)
y
=
y
0
\begin{cases} z=f(x,y)\\ y=y_0 \end{cases}
{z=f(x,y)y=y0
在平面
y
=
y
0
上曲线
z
=
f
(
x
,
y
0
)
y=y_0上曲线z=f(x,y_0)
y=y0上曲线z=f(x,y0)对其导数
d
d
x
f
(
x
,
y
0
)
即
(
f
x
(
x
0
,
y
0
)
)
切切线
M
0
T
x
对
x
\frac{d}{dx}f(x,y_0)即(f_x(x_0,y_0))切切线M_0T_x对x
dxdf(x,y0)即(fx(x0,y0))切切线M0Tx对x轴的斜率。
同理
f
y
(
x
0
,
y
0
)
f_y(x_0,y_0)
fy(x0,y0)代表曲线
{
z
=
f
(
x
,
y
)
x
=
x
0
\begin{cases} z=f(x,y)\\ x=x_0 \end{cases}
{z=f(x,y)x=x0
上过
M
0
M_0
M0处切线
M
0
T
y
对
y
M_0T_y对y
M0Ty对y轴的斜率。
注:
- 一元函数连续不一定可导,可导一定连续;多元连续函数不一定可导,多元可导函数不一定连续。
示例:
z
=
f
(
x
,
y
)
=
{
x
y
x
2
+
y
2
,
x
2
+
y
2
≠
0
0
,
x
2
+
y
2
=
0
z=f(x,y)=\\ \begin{cases} \frac{xy}{x^2+y^2}, x^2+y^2\not=0\\ 0,x^2+y^2=0 \end{cases}
z=f(x,y)={x2+y2xy,x2+y2=00,x2+y2=0
z
=
f
(
x
,
y
)
在
(
0
,
0
)
不连续
z=f(x,y)在(0,0)不连续
z=f(x,y)在(0,0)不连续,通过定义看下在点
(
0
,
0
)
(0,0)
(0,0)的偏导数
f
x
(
0
,
0
)
=
lim
Δ
x
→
0
f
(
0
+
Δ
x
,
0
)
−
f
(
0
,
0
)
Δ
x
=
0
f
y
(
0
,
0
)
=
0
f_x(0,0)=\lim\limits_{\Delta x\to0}{\frac{f(0+\Delta x,0)-f(0,0)}{\Delta x}}=0\\ f_y(0,0)=0
fx(0,0)=Δx→0limΔxf(0+Δx,0)−f(0,0)=0fy(0,0)=0
二、高阶偏导数
定义 z = f ( x , y ) z=f(x,y) z=f(x,y),其偏导数为 ∂ z ∂ x = f x ( x , y ) , ∂ z ∂ y = f y ( x , y ) \frac{\partial z}{\partial x}=f_x(x,y),\frac{\partial z}{\partial y}=f_y(x,y) ∂x∂z=fx(x,y),∂y∂z=fy(x,y).若 f x ( x , y ) , f y ( x , y ) f_x(x,y),f_y(x,y) fx(x,y),fy(x,y)的偏导数也存在,则其偏导数就成为 z = f ( x , y ) z=f(x,y) z=f(x,y)的二阶偏导数。按照对变量求导次序的不同有下列四个二阶偏导数:
∂ ∂ x ( ∂ z ∂ x ) = ∂ 2 z ∂ x 2 = f x x ( x , y ) , ∂ ∂ y ( ∂ z ∂ x ) = ∂ 2 z ∂ x ∂ y = f x y ( x , y ) \frac{\partial}{\partial x}(\frac{\partial z}{\partial x})=\frac{\partial^2 z}{\partial x^2}=f_{xx}(x,y),\frac{\partial}{\partial y}(\frac{\partial z}{\partial x})=\frac{\partial^2 z}{\partial x\partial y}=f_{xy}(x,y) ∂x∂(∂x∂z)=∂x2∂2z=fxx(x,y),∂y∂(∂x∂z)=∂x∂y∂2z=fxy(x,y)
∂ ∂ x ( ∂ z ∂ y ) = ∂ 2 z ∂ y ∂ x = f y x ( x , y ) , ∂ ∂ y ( ∂ z ∂ y ) = ∂ 2 z ∂ y 2 = f y y ( x , y ) \frac{\partial}{\partial x}(\frac{\partial z}{\partial y})=\frac{\partial^2 z}{\partial y\partial x}=f_{yx}(x,y),\frac{\partial}{\partial y}(\frac{\partial z}{\partial y})=\frac{\partial^2 z}{\partial y^2}=f_{yy}(x,y) ∂x∂(∂y∂z)=∂y∂x∂2z=fyx(x,y),∂y∂(∂y∂z)=∂y2∂2z=fyy(x,y)
其中第二、第三两个偏导数称为混合偏导数。同样可得三阶、四阶……以及n节偏导数。二阶及二阶以上偏导数统称为高阶偏导数。
例5: 设
z
=
x
3
y
2
−
3
x
y
3
−
x
y
+
1
,
求
∂
2
z
∂
x
2
、
∂
2
z
∂
y
∂
x
、
∂
2
z
∂
x
∂
y
、
∂
2
z
∂
y
2
、
∂
3
z
∂
x
3
z=x^3y^2-3xy^3-xy+1,求 \frac{\partial^2 z}{\partial x^2}、\frac{\partial^2 z}{\partial y\partial x}、\frac{\partial^2 z}{\partial x\partial y}、\frac{\partial^2 z}{\partial y^2}、\frac{\partial^3 z}{\partial x^3}
z=x3y2−3xy3−xy+1,求∂x2∂2z、∂y∂x∂2z、∂x∂y∂2z、∂y2∂2z、∂x3∂3z
解:
∂
z
∂
x
=
3
x
2
y
2
−
3
y
3
−
y
,
∂
z
∂
y
=
2
x
3
y
−
9
x
y
2
−
x
∂
2
z
∂
x
2
=
6
x
y
2
∂
2
z
∂
y
∂
x
=
6
x
2
y
−
9
y
2
−
1
∂
2
z
∂
x
∂
y
=
6
x
2
y
−
9
y
2
−
1
∂
2
z
∂
y
2
=
2
x
3
−
18
x
y
∂
3
z
∂
x
3
=
6
y
2
解:\\ \frac{\partial z}{\partial x}=3x^2y^2-3y^3-y,\frac{\partial z}{\partial y}=2x^3y-9xy^2-x\\ \frac{\partial^2 z}{\partial x^2}=6xy^2 \\ \frac{\partial^2 z}{\partial y\partial x}=6x^2y-9y^2-1\\ \frac{\partial^2 z}{\partial x\partial y}=6x^2y-9y^2-1\\ \frac{\partial^2 z}{\partial y^2}=2x^3-18xy\\ \frac{\partial^3 z}{\partial x^3}=6y^2
解:∂x∂z=3x2y2−3y3−y,∂y∂z=2x3y−9xy2−x∂x2∂2z=6xy2∂y∂x∂2z=6x2y−9y2−1∂x∂y∂2z=6x2y−9y2−1∂y2∂2z=2x3−18xy∂x3∂3z=6y2
定理 如果函数 z = f ( x , y ) z=f(x,y) z=f(x,y)的两个混合偏导数 ∂ 2 z ∂ y ∂ x 及 ∂ 2 z ∂ x ∂ y \frac{\partial^2 z}{\partial y\partial x}及\frac{\partial^2 z}{\partial x\partial y} ∂y∂x∂2z及∂x∂y∂2z在区域D内连续,那么在该区域的两个混合偏导数必相等。
例6 验证函数
z
=
ln
x
2
+
y
2
z=\ln\sqrt{x^2+y^2}
z=lnx2+y2满足方程
∂
2
z
∂
x
2
+
∂
2
z
∂
6
2
=
0
\frac{\partial^2 z}{\partial x^2}+\frac{\partial^2 z}{\partial 6^2}=0
∂x2∂2z+∂62∂2z=0
证:
z
=
ln
x
2
+
y
2
=
1
2
ln
(
x
2
+
y
2
)
∂
z
∂
x
=
1
2
⋅
1
x
2
+
y
2
⋅
2
x
=
x
x
2
+
y
2
∂
z
∂
y
=
y
x
2
+
y
2
∂
2
z
∂
x
2
=
(
x
2
+
y
2
)
−
2
x
2
(
x
2
+
y
2
)
2
=
y
2
−
x
2
(
x
2
+
y
2
)
2
∂
2
z
∂
y
2
=
x
2
−
y
2
(
x
2
+
y
2
)
2
∴
∂
2
z
∂
x
2
+
∂
2
z
∂
y
2
=
y
2
−
x
2
(
x
2
+
y
2
)
2
+
x
2
−
y
2
(
x
2
+
y
2
)
2
=
0
证:\\ z=\ln\sqrt{x^2+y^2}=\frac{1}{2}\ln(x^2+y^2)\\ \frac{\partial z}{\partial x}=\frac{1}{2}\cdot\frac{1}{x^2+y^2}\cdot2x=\frac{x}{x^2+y^2}\\ \frac{\partial z}{\partial y}=\frac{y}{x^2+y^2}\\ \frac{\partial^2 z}{\partial x^2}=\frac{(x^2+y^2)-2x^2}{(x^2+y^2)^2}=\frac{y^2-x^2}{(x^2+y^2)^2}\\ \frac{\partial^2 z}{\partial y^2}=\frac{x^2-y^2}{(x^2+y^2)^2}\\ \therefore \frac{\partial^2 z}{\partial x^2}+\frac{\partial^2 z}{\partial y^2}=\frac{y^2-x^2}{(x^2+y^2)^2}+\frac{x^2-y^2}{(x^2+y^2)^2}=0
证:z=lnx2+y2=21ln(x2+y2)∂x∂z=21⋅x2+y21⋅2x=x2+y2x∂y∂z=x2+y2y∂x2∂2z=(x2+y2)2(x2+y2)−2x2=(x2+y2)2y2−x2∂y2∂2z=(x2+y2)2x2−y2∴∂x2∂2z+∂y2∂2z=(x2+y2)2y2−x2+(x2+y2)2x2−y2=0
例7 证明函数
u
=
1
r
u=\frac{1}{r}
u=r1满足方程
∂
2
z
∂
x
2
+
∂
2
z
∂
y
2
+
∂
2
z
∂
z
2
=
0
\frac{\partial^2 z}{\partial x^2}+\frac{\partial^2 z}{\partial y^2}+\frac{\partial^2 z}{\partial z^2}=0
∂x2∂2z+∂y2∂2z+∂z2∂2z=0,其中
r
=
x
2
+
y
2
+
z
2
r=\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}
r=x2+y2+z2
证明
:
∂
u
∂
x
=
∂
u
∂
r
⋅
∂
r
∂
x
=
−
1
r
2
⋅
x
r
=
−
x
r
3
∂
2
u
∂
x
2
=
−
1
r
3
+
3
x
r
4
⋅
x
r
=
−
1
r
3
+
3
x
2
r
5
∵
函数关于自变量对称
∴
∂
u
2
∂
y
2
=
−
1
r
3
+
3
y
2
r
5
,
∂
u
2
∂
z
2
=
−
1
r
3
+
3
z
2
r
5
∂
u
2
∂
x
2
+
∂
u
2
∂
y
2
+
∂
u
2
∂
z
2
=
−
3
r
3
+
3
(
x
2
+
y
2
+
z
2
)
r
5
=
0
证明:\\ \frac{\partial u}{\partial x}=\frac{\partial u}{\partial r}\cdot\frac{\partial r}{\partial x}=-\frac{1}{r^2}\cdot\frac{x}{r}=-\frac{x}{r^3}\\ \frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial x^2}=-\frac{1}{r^3}+\frac{3x}{r^4}\cdot\frac{x}{r}=-\frac{1}{r^3}+\frac{3x^2}{r^5} \\ \because 函数关于自变量对称 \\ \therefore \frac{\partial u^2}{\partial y^2}=-\frac{1}{r^3}+\frac{3y^2}{r^5},\frac{\partial u^2}{\partial z^2}=-\frac{1}{r^3}+\frac{3z^2}{r^5} \\ \frac{\partial u^2}{\partial x^2}+\frac{\partial u^2}{\partial y^2}+\frac{\partial u^2}{\partial z^2}=-\frac{3}{r^3}+\frac{3(x^2+y^2+z^2)}{r^5}=0
证明:∂x∂u=∂r∂u⋅∂x∂r=−r21⋅rx=−r3x∂x2∂2u=−r31+r43x⋅rx=−r31+r53x2∵函数关于自变量对称∴∂y2∂u2=−r31+r53y2,∂z2∂u2=−r31+r53z2∂x2∂u2+∂y2∂u2+∂z2∂u2=−r33+r53(x2+y2+z2)=0
结语
❓QQ:806797785
⭐️文档笔记地址:https://gitee.com/gaogzhen/math
参考:
[1]同济大学数学系.高等数学 第七版 下册[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2014.7.p65-71.
[2]同济七版《高等数学》全程教学视频[CP/OL].2020-04-16.p65.
[3]关于梯度下降算法的理解[CP/OL].