SQL语句基础4/select查询语句练习

SQL语句基础4

注:除指明表格之外所有的数据来源于Oracle数据库自带的SCOTT用户表。

1. 表连接(99语法)

1.1 内连接

  • cross join语法:cross join即交叉连接,用于得到笛卡尔积

    --语法
    select 数据 from 数据源1 cross join 数据源2...;
    --员工信息表与部门信息表得到笛卡尔积
    select e.empno,e.ename,d.deptno from emp e cross join dept d;
    
  • natural join语法:natural join即自然连接,用于等值连接,会自动做同名字段或具有主外键关系的字段的等值连接。

    --语法
    select 数据 from 数据源1 natural join 数据源2;
    --查询员工的个人信息,部门信息
    select * from emp natural join dept;
    

    注:同名字段不能指明出处。

  • join…using语法:用于等值连接,可指定使用哪一个字段做等值连接。

    --语法
    select 数据 from 数据源1 join 数据源2 using (同名字段);
    --查询10部门员工的个人信息,部门信息
    select * from emp join dept using (deptno) where deptno = 10;
    

    注:同名字段不能指明出处。

  • join…on语法:可用于等值连接、非等值连接和多表连接。

    --语法
    select 数据 from 数据源1 join 数据源2 on 连接条件1 join 数据源3 on 连接条件3...;
    --等值连接(查询员工信息与其所在部门信息)
    select * from emp e join dept d on e.deptno = d.deptno;
    --非等值连接(查询员工信息及其薪资等级信息)
    select * from emp e join salgrade s on e.sal between s.losal and s.hisal;
    --多表连接(查询员工的个人信息,部门信息,工资等级)
    select * from emp e join dept d on e.deptno = d.deptno join salgrade s on e.sal between s.losal and s.hisal;
    

    注:同名字段需指明出处。

1.2 外连接

外连接分为左连接(left join)和右连接(right join),具体语法即举例代码如下:

select 数据 from 数据源1 left|right join 数据源2 on 表连接条件;
--左连接(查询员工的个人信息及上级信息)
select * from emp e1 left join emp e2 on e1.mgr = e2.empno;
--右连接(查询员工的个人信息及下级信息)
select * from emp e1 right join emp e2 on e1.mgr = e2.empno;

注:在from后,主表在左边即为左连接,主表在右边即为右连接。

同时还有一个全连接的概念,代码如下:

--全连接
select * from emp e1 full join emp e2 on e1.mgr = e2.empno;

select语法练习

创建多个新的表来进行select查询语句的练习,建表的代码如下:

--创建course表
CREATE TABLE COURSE
	(
	CNO   VARCHAR2 (5) NOT NULL,
	CNAME VARCHAR2 (15) NOT NULL,
	TNO   VARCHAR2 (10) NOT NULL,
	CONSTRAINT PK_COURSE PRIMARY KEY (CNO)
	);
COMMENT ON COLUMN COURSE.CNO IS '学科编号';
COMMENT ON COLUMN COURSE.CNAME IS '学科名称';
COMMENT ON COLUMN COURSE.TNO IS '教师编号';
--创建grade表
CREATE TABLE GRADE
	(
	LOW  NUMBER (3) NOT NULL,
	UPP  NUMBER (3) NOT NULL,
	RANK CHAR (1) NOT NULL,
	CONSTRAINT PK_GRADE PRIMARY KEY (LOW, UPP)
	);
COMMENT ON COLUMN GRADE.LOW IS '分数范围下限';
COMMENT ON COLUMN GRADE.UPP IS '分数范围上限';
COMMENT ON COLUMN GRADE.RANK IS '评级';
--创建score表
CREATE TABLE SCORE
	(
	SNO    VARCHAR2 (3) NOT NULL,
	CNO    VARCHAR2 (5) NOT NULL,
	DEGREE NUMBER (10,1) NOT NULL,
	CONSTRAINT PK_SCORE PRIMARY KEY (SNO, CNO)
	);
COMMENT ON COLUMN SCORE.SNO IS '学生编号';
COMMENT ON COLUMN SCORE.CNO IS '学科编号';
COMMENT ON COLUMN SCORE.DEGREE IS '成绩';
--创建student表
CREATE TABLE STUDENT
	(
	SNO       VARCHAR2 (3) NOT NULL,
	SNAME     VARCHAR2 (6) NOT NULL,
	SSEX      VARCHAR2 (3) NOT NULL,
	SBIRTHDAY DATE NOT NULL,
	CLASS     VARCHAR2 (5) NOT NULL
	);
COMMENT ON COLUMN STUDENT.SNO IS '学生编号';
COMMENT ON COLUMN STUDENT.SNAME IS '学生姓名';
COMMENT ON COLUMN STUDENT.SSEX IS '学生性别';
COMMENT ON COLUMN STUDENT.SBIRTHDAY IS '生日';
COMMENT ON COLUMN STUDENT.CLASS IS '班级';
--创建teacher表
CREATE TABLE TEACHER
	(
	TNO       VARCHAR2 (3) NOT NULL,
	TNAME     VARCHAR2 (6) NOT NULL,
	TSEX      VARCHAR2 (3) NOT NULL,
	TBIRTHDAY DATE NOT NULL,
	PROF      VARCHAR2 (9) NOT NULL,
	DEPART    VARCHAR2 (15) NOT NULL,
	CONSTRAINT PK_TEACHER PRIMARY KEY (TNO)
	);
COMMENT ON COLUMN TEACHER.TNO IS '教师编号';
COMMENT ON COLUMN TEACHER.TNAME IS '教师姓名';
COMMENT ON COLUMN TEACHER.TSEX IS '性别';
COMMENT ON COLUMN TEACHER.TBIRTHDAY IS '生日';
COMMENT ON COLUMN TEACHER.PROF IS '职称';
COMMENT ON COLUMN TEACHER.DEPART IS '部门';
--往course表中插入数据
INSERT INTO COURSE (CNO, CNAME, TNO)
VALUES ('3-105', '计算机导论', '825');
INSERT INTO COURSE (CNO, CNAME, TNO)
VALUES ('3-245', '操作系统', '804');
INSERT INTO COURSE (CNO, CNAME, TNO)
VALUES ('6-166', '数据电路', '856');
INSERT INTO COURSE (CNO, CNAME, TNO)
VALUES ('9-888', '高等数学', '100');
--往grade表中插入数据
INSERT INTO GRADE (LOW, UPP, RANK)
VALUES (90, 100, 'A');
INSERT INTO GRADE (LOW, UPP, RANK)
VALUES (80, 89, 'B');
INSERT INTO GRADE (LOW, UPP, RANK)
VALUES (70, 79, 'C');
INSERT INTO GRADE (LOW, UPP, RANK)
VALUES (60, 69, 'D');
INSERT INTO GRADE (LOW, UPP, RANK)
VALUES (0, 59, 'E');
--往score表中插入数据
INSERT INTO SCORE (SNO, CNO, DEGREE)
VALUES ('103', '3-245', 86);
INSERT INTO SCORE (SNO, CNO, DEGREE)
VALUES ('105', '3-245', 75);
INSERT INTO SCORE (SNO, CNO, DEGREE)
VALUES ('109', '3-245', 68);
INSERT INTO SCORE (SNO, CNO, DEGREE)
VALUES ('103', '3-105', 92);
INSERT INTO SCORE (SNO, CNO, DEGREE)
VALUES ('105', '3-105', 88);
INSERT INTO SCORE (SNO, CNO, DEGREE)
VALUES ('109', '3-105', 76);
INSERT INTO SCORE (SNO, CNO, DEGREE)
VALUES ('101', '3-105', 64);
INSERT INTO SCORE (SNO, CNO, DEGREE)
VALUES ('107', '3-105', 91);
INSERT INTO SCORE (SNO, CNO, DEGREE)
VALUES ('108', '3-105', 78);
INSERT INTO SCORE (SNO, CNO, DEGREE)
VALUES ('101', '6-166', 85);
INSERT INTO SCORE (SNO, CNO, DEGREE)
VALUES ('107', '6-166', 79);
INSERT INTO SCORE (SNO, CNO, DEGREE)
VALUES ('108', '6-166', 81);
--往student表中插入数据
INSERT INTO STUDENT (SNO, SNAME, SSEX, SBIRTHDAY, CLASS)
VALUES ('108', '曾华', '男', TO_DATE ('1977-09-01', 'YYYY-MM-DD'), '95033');
INSERT INTO STUDENT (SNO, SNAME, SSEX, SBIRTHDAY, CLASS)
VALUES ('105', '匡明', '男', TO_DATE ('1975-10-02', 'YYYY-MM-DD'), '95031');
INSERT INTO STUDENT (SNO, SNAME, SSEX, SBIRTHDAY, CLASS)
VALUES ('107', '王丽', '女', TO_DATE ('1976-01-23', 'YYYY-MM-DD'), '95033');
INSERT INTO STUDENT (SNO, SNAME, SSEX, SBIRTHDAY, CLASS)
VALUES ('101', '李军', '男', TO_DATE ('1976-02-20', 'YYYY-MM-DD'), '95033');
INSERT INTO STUDENT (SNO, SNAME, SSEX, SBIRTHDAY, CLASS)
VALUES ('109', '王芳', '女', TO_DATE ('1975-02-10', 'YYYY-MM-DD'), '95031');
INSERT INTO STUDENT (SNO, SNAME, SSEX, SBIRTHDAY, CLASS)
VALUES ('103', '陆君', '男', TO_DATE ('1974-06-03', 'YYYY-MM-DD'), '95031');
--往teacher表中插入数据
INSERT INTO TEACHER (TNO, TNAME, TSEX, TBIRTHDAY, PROF, DEPART)
VALUES ('804', '李诚', '男', TO_DATE ('1958-12-02', 'YYYY-MM-DD'), '副教授', '计算机系');
INSERT INTO TEACHER (TNO, TNAME, TSEX, TBIRTHDAY, PROF, DEPART)
VALUES ('856', '张旭', '男', TO_DATE ('1969-03-12', 'YYYY-MM-DD'), '讲师', '电子工程系');
INSERT INTO TEACHER (TNO, TNAME, TSEX, TBIRTHDAY, PROF, DEPART)
VALUES ('825', '王萍', '女', TO_DATE ('1972-05-05', 'YYYY-MM-DD'), '助教', '计算机系');
INSERT INTO TEACHER (TNO, TNAME, TSEX, TBIRTHDAY, PROF, DEPART)
VALUES ('831', '刘冰', '女', TO_DATE ('1977-08-14', 'YYYY-MM-DD'), '助教', '电子工程系');

下面给出了一些自己练习的题目以及答案代码(可能也会有更好的方法):

/* 
course 学科表
score 成绩表
student 学生表
grade 评级表
teacher 教师表
*/
--查询Student表中的所有记录的Sname、Ssex和Class列。
select sname, ssex, class from student;
--查询教师所有的单位即不重复的Depart列。
select distinct depart from teacher;
--查询Student表的所有记录。
select * from student;
--查询Score表中成绩在60到80之间的所有记录。
select * from score where degree between 60 and 80;
--查询Score表中成绩为85,86或88的记录。
select * from score where degree in (85, 86, 88);
--查询Student表中“95031”班或性别为“女”的同学记录。
select *
  from student
 where class = 95031
    or ssex = '女';
--以Class降序查询Student表的所有记录。
select * from student order by class desc;
--以Cno升序、Degree降序查询Score表的所有记录。
select * from score order by cno asc, degree desc;
--查询“95031”班的学生人数。
select count(sno) from student where class = 95031;
--查询Score表中的最高分的学生学号和课程号。
select sno, cno from score where degree = (select max(degree) from score);
--查询‘3-105’号课程的平均分。
select avg(degree) from score where cno = '3-105';
--查询Score表中至少有5名学生选修的并以3开头的课程的平均分数。
select avg(degree)
  from score
 where cno like '3%'
 group by cno
having count(cno) > 5;
--查询最低分大于70,最高分小于90的Sno列。
select sno
  from score
 group by sno
having min(degree) > 70 and max(degree) < 90;
--查询所有学生的Sname、Cno和Degree列。
select s1.sname, s2.cno, s2.degree --表连接92语法
  from student s1, score s2
 where s1.sno = s2.sno;

select s1.sname, s2.cno, s2.degree --表连接99语法
  from student s1
  join score s2
    on s1.sno = s2.sno;
--查询所有学生的Sno、Cname和Degree列。
select s1.sno, c.cname, s2.degree --表连接92语法
  from student s1, score s2, course c
 where s1.sno = s2.sno
   and s2.cno = c.cno;

select s1.sno, c.cname, s2.degree --表连接99语法
  from student s1
  join score s2
    on s1.sno = s2.sno
  join course c
    on s2.cno = c.cno;
--查询所有学生的Sname、Cname和Degree列。
select s1.sname, c.cname, s2.degree --表连接92语法
  from student s1, score s2, course c
 where s1.sno = s2.sno
   and s2.cno = c.cno;

select s1.sname, c.cname, s2.degree --表连接99语法
  from student s1
  join score s2
    on s1.sno = s2.sno
  join course c
    on s2.cno = c.cno;
--查询“95033”班所选课程的平均分
select avg(degree)
  from (select s1.sname, s1.class, s2.cno, s2.degree --表连接92语法
          from student s1, score s2
         where s1.sno = s2.sno
           and s1.class = 95033)
 group by cno;

select avg(degree)
  from (select s1.sname, s1.class, s2.cno, s2.degree --表连接99语法
          from student s1
          join score s2
            on s1.sno = s2.sno
           and s1.class = 95033)
 group by cno;
--现查询所有同学的Sno、Cno和rank列。
select s.sno, s.cno, g.rank --表连接92语法
  from score s, grade g
 where s.degree between g.low and g.upp;

select s.sno, s.cno, g.rank --表连接99语法
  from score s
  join grade g
    on s.degree between g.low and g.upp;
--查询选修“3-105”课程的成绩高于“109”号同学成绩的所有同学的记录。
select *
  from score
 where cno = '3-105'
   and degree > (select degree
                   from score
                  where sno = 109
                    and cno = '3-105');
--查询score中选学一门以上课程的同学中分数为非最高分成绩的记录。
select *
  from score s1
 where sno in (select sno from score group by sno having count(sno) > 1)
   and degree <
       (select max(degree) from score s2 group by cno having s2.cno = s1.cno);
--查询成绩高于学号为“109”、课程号为“3-105”的成绩的所有记录。
select *
  from score
 where cno = '3-105'
   and degree > (select degree
                   from score
                  where sno = 109
                    and cno = '3-105');
--查询“张旭“教师任课的学生成绩。
select sno, tname, degree --表连接92语法
  from (select *
          from course c, score s, teacher t
         where t.tno = c.tno
           and c.cno = s.cno)
 where tname = '张旭';

select sno, tname, degree --表连接99语法
  from (select *
          from course c
          join score s
            on c.cno = s.cno
          join teacher t
            on t.tno = c.tno)
 where tname = '张旭';
--查询选修某课程的同学人数多于5人的教师姓名。
select tname
  from (select *
          from course c, score s, teacher t --表连接92语法
         where t.tno = c.tno
           and c.cno = s.cno)
 group by tname
having count(tname) > 5;

select tname --表连接99语法
  from (select *
          from course c
          join score s
            on c.cno = s.cno
          join teacher t
            on t.tno = c.tno)
 group by tname
having count(tname) > 5;
--查询95033班和95031班全体学生的记录
select * from student where class in (95033, 95031);
--查询存在有85分以上成绩的课程Cno.
select cno from score group by cno having max(degree) > 85;
--查询出“计算机系“教师所教课程的成绩表。
select sno, degree, tname, depart
  from (select *
          from course c, score s, teacher t --表连接92语法
         where t.tno = c.tno
           and c.cno = s.cno)
 where depart = '计算机系';
 
select sno, degree, tname, depart --表连接99语法
  from (select *
          from course c
          join score s
            on c.cno = s.cno
          join teacher t
            on t.tno = c.tno)
 where depart = '计算机系';
--查询选修编号为“3-105“课程且成绩至少高于选修编号为“3-245”的同学的Cno、Sno和Degree,并按Degree从高到低次序排序。
select cno, sno, degree
  from score
 where sno in
       (select sno
          from score s1
         group by sno
        having (select degree
                 from score s2
                where cno = '3-105'
                  and s2.sno = s1.sno) > (select degree
                                           from score s2
                                          where cno = '3-245'
                                            and s2.sno = s1.sno))
 order by degree asc;
--查询所有教师和同学的name、sex和birthday.
select t.tname name, t.tsex sex, t.tbirthday birthday
  from teacher t
union
select s.sname name, s.ssex sex, s.sbirthday birthday
  from student s;
--查询所有“女”教师和“女”同学的name、sex和birthday.
select t.tname name, t.tsex sex, t.tbirthday birthday
  from teacher t
 where t.tsex = '女'
union
select s.sname name, s.ssex sex, s.sbirthday birthday
  from student s
 where s.ssex = '女';
--成绩比该课程平均成绩低的同学的成绩表。
select *
  from score s1
 where degree <
       (select avg(degree) from score s2 group by cno having s2.cno = s1.cno);
--查询所有任课教师的Tname和Depart.
select t.tname, t.depart from teacher t, course c where t.tno = c.tno; --表连接92语法

select t.tname,t.depart from teacher t join course c on t.tno = c.tno; --表连接99语法
--查询所有未讲课的教师的Tname和Depart. 
select t.tname, t.depart
  from teacher t
minus
select t.tname, t.depart
  from teacher t, course c
 where t.tno = c.tno;
--查询至少有2名男生的班号。
select class
  from (select class, count('男') "nan"
          from student
         where ssex = '男'
         group by class)
 where "nan" >= 2;
--查询Student表中不姓“王”的同学记录。
select * from student where sname not like '王%';
--查询Student表中每个学生的姓名和年龄。
select sname, (sysdate - sbirthday) / 365 "年龄" from student;
--查询Student表中最大和最小的Sbirthday日期值。 
select sname, sbirthday
  from student
 where (sysdate - sbirthday) =
       (select max(sysdate - sbirthday) from student)
    or (sysdate - sbirthday) =
       (select min(sysdate - sbirthday) from student);
--以班号和年龄从大到小的顺序查询Student表中的全部记录。
select * from student order by class desc, sysdate - sbirthday desc;
--查询“男”教师及其所上的课程。
select *
  from (select t.tname, t.tsex, c.cname --表连接92语法
          from teacher t, course c
         where t.tno = c.tno)
 where tsex = '男';

select *
  from (select t.tname, t.tsex, c.cname --表连接99语法
          from teacher t
          join course c
            on t.tno = c.tno)
 where tsex = '男';
--查询最高分同学的Sno、Cno和Degree列。
select sno, cno, degree
  from score s1
 where degree =
       (select max(degree) from score s2 group by cno having s2.cno = s1.cno);
--查询和“李军”同性别的所有同学的Sname.
select sname
  from student
 where ssex = (select ssex from student where sname = '李军');
--查询和“李军”同性别并同班的同学Sname.
select sname
  from student
 where ssex = (select ssex from student where sname = '李军')
   and class = (select class from student where sname = '李军');
--查询所有选修“计算机导论”课程的“男”同学的成绩表
select sname, cname, ssex, degree
  from (select *
          from course c, score s1, student s2 --表连接92语法
         where c.cno = s1.cno
           and s2.sno = s1.sno)
 where cname = '计算机导论'
   and ssex = '男';

select sname, cname, ssex, degree --表连接99语法
  from (select *
          from course c
          join score s1
            on c.cno = s1.cno
          join student s2
            on s2.sno = s1.sno)
 where cname = '计算机导论'
   and ssex = '男';
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