分布式一致性协议Raft原理与实例

最新推荐文章于 2024-09-10 08:27:44 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2024-09-10 08:27:44 发布

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来源:http://m635674608.iteye.com/blog/2283621

1.Raft协议

1.1 Raft简介

Raft是由Stanford提出的一种更易理解的一致性算法，意在取代目前广为使用的Paxos算法。目前，在各种主流语言中都有了一些开源实现，比如本文中将使用的基于JGroups的Raft协议实现。关于Raft的原理，强烈推荐动画版Raft讲解。

1.2 Raft原理

在Raft中，每个结点会处于下面三种状态中的一种：

follower：所有结点都以follower的状态开始。如果没收到leader消息则会变成candidate状态
candidate：会向其他结点“拉选票”，如果得到大部分的票则成为leader。这个过程就叫做Leader选举(Leader Election)
leader：所有对系统的修改都会先经过leader。每个修改都会写一条日志(log entry)。leader收到修改请求后的过程如下，这个过程叫做日志复制(Log Replication)：
1. 复制日志到所有follower结点(replicate entry)
2. 大部分结点响应时才提交日志
3. 通知所有follower结点日志已提交
4. 所有follower也提交日志
5. 现在整个系统处于一致的状态

1.2.1 Leader Election

当follower在选举超时时间(election timeout)内未收到leader的心跳消息(append entries)，则变成candidate状态。为了避免选举冲突，这个超时时间是一个150~300ms之间的随机数。

成为candidate的结点发起新的选举期(election term)去“拉选票”：

重置自己的计时器
投自己一票
发送 Request Vote消息

如果接收结点在新term内没有投过票那它就会投给此candidate，并重置它自己的选举超时时间。candidate拉到大部分选票就会成为leader，并定时发送心跳——Append Entries消息，去重置各个follower的计时器。当前Term会继续直到某个follower接收不到心跳并成为candidate。

如果不巧两个结点同时成为candidate都去“拉票”怎么办？这时会发生Splite Vote情况。两个结点可能都拉到了同样多的选票，难分胜负，选举失败，本term没有leader。之后又有计时器超时的follower会变成candidate，将term加一并开始新一轮的投票。

1.2.2 Log Replication

当发生改变时，leader会复制日志给follower结点，这也是通过Append Entries心跳消息完成的。前面已经列举了Log Replication的过程，这里就不重复了。

Raft能够正确地处理网络分区（“脑裂”）问题。假设A~E五个结点，B是leader。如果发生“脑裂”，A、B成为一个子分区，C、D、E成为一个子分区。此时C、D、E会发生选举，选出C作为新term的leader。这样我们在两个子分区内就有了不同term的两个leader。这时如果有客户端写A时，因为B无法复制日志到大部分follower所以日志处于uncommitted未提交状态。而同时另一个客户端对C的写操作却能够正确完成，因为C是新的leader，它只知道D和E。

当网络通信恢复，B能够发送心跳给C、D、E了，却发现“改朝换代”了，因为C的term值更大，所以B自动降格为follower。然后A和B都回滚未提交的日志，并从新leader那里复制最新的日志。但这样是不是就会丢失更新？

2.JGroups-raft介绍

2.1 JGroups中的Raft

JGroups是Java里比较流行的网络通信框架，近期顺应潮流，它也推出了Raft基于JGroups的实现。简单试用了一下，还比较容易上手，底层Raft的内部机制都被API屏蔽掉了。下面就通过一个分布式计数器的实例来学习一下Raft协议在JGroups中的实际用法。

Maven依赖如下：

    Prettyprint代码   
    
  
 <code class="language-xml hljs  has-numbering">    <span class="hljs-tag"><<span class="hljs-title">dependency</span>></span>  
         <span class="hljs-tag"><<span class="hljs-title">groupId</span>></span>org.jgroups<span class="hljs-tag"></<span class="hljs-title">groupId</span>></span>  
         <span class="hljs-tag"><<span class="hljs-title">artifactId</span>></span>jgroups-raft<span class="hljs-tag"></<span class="hljs-title">artifactId</span>></span>  
         <span class="hljs-tag"><<span class="hljs-title">version</span>></span>0.2<span class="hljs-tag"></<span class="hljs-title">version</span>></span>  
     <span class="hljs-tag"></<span class="hljs-title">dependency</span>></span></code>  

其实JGroups-raft的Jar包中已经自带了一个Counter的Demo，但仔细看了一下，有的地方写的有些麻烦，不太容易把握住Raft这根主线。所以这里就参照官方的例子，进行了简写，突出Raft协议的基本使用方法。JGroups-raft目前资料不多，InfoQ上的这篇文章很不错，还有官方文档。

2.2 核心API

使用JGroups-raft时，我们一般会实现两个接口：RAFT.RoleChange和StateMachine：

实现RAFT.RoleChange接口的方法能通知我们当前哪个结点是leader
实现StateMachine执行要实现一致性的操作

典型单点服务实现方式就是：

    Prettyprint代码   
    
  
 <code class="language-java hljs  has-numbering">JChannel ch = <span class="hljs-keyword">null</span>;  
 RaftHandle handle = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> RaftHandle(ch, <span class="hljs-keyword">this</span>);  
 handle.addRoleListener(role -> {  
     <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span>(role == Role.Leader)  
         <span class="hljs-comment">// start singleton services</span>  
     <span class="hljs-keyword">else</span>  
         <span class="hljs-comment">// stop singleton services</span>  
 });</code>  

2.3 默认配置

jgroups-raft.jar中已经带了一个raft.xml配置文件，作为实例程序我们可以直接使用它。

简要解释一下最核心的几个配置项，参照GitHub上的文档：

UDP：IP多播配置
raft.NO_DUPES：是否检测新加入结点的ID与老结点有重复
raft.ELECTION：选举超时时间的随机化范围
raft.RAFT：所有Raft集群的成员必须在这里声明，也可以在运行时通过addServer/removeServer动态修改
raft.REDIRECT：是否转发请求给leader
raft.CLIENT：在哪个IP和端口上接收客户端请求

    Prettyprint代码   
    
  
 <code class="language-xml hljs  has-numbering"><span class="hljs-comment"><!--  
   Default stack using IP multicasting. It is similar to the "udp"  
   stack in stacks.xml, but doesn't use streaming state transfer and flushing  
   author: Bela Ban  
 --></span>  
   
 <span class="hljs-tag"><<span class="hljs-title">config</span> <span class="hljs-attribute">xmlns</span>=<span class="hljs-value">"urn:org:jgroups"</span>  
         <span class="hljs-attribute">xmlns:xsi</span>=<span class="hljs-value">"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"</span>  
         <span class="hljs-attribute">xsi:schemaLocation</span>=<span class="hljs-value">"urn:org:jgroups http://www.jgroups.org/schema/jgroups.xsd"</span>></span>  
     <span class="hljs-tag"><<span class="hljs-title">UDP  
 </span>         <span class="hljs-attribute">mcast_addr</span>=<span class="hljs-value">"228.5.5.5"</span>  
          <span class="hljs-attribute">mcast_port</span>=<span class="hljs-value">"${jgroups.udp.mcast_port:45588}"</span>  
          <span class="hljs-attribute">...</span> /></span>  
     ...  
     <span class="hljs-tag"><<span class="hljs-title">raft.NO_DUPES</span>/></span>  
     <span class="hljs-tag"><<span class="hljs-title">raft.ELECTION</span> <span class="hljs-attribute">election_min_interval</span>=<span class="hljs-value">"100"</span> <span class="hljs-attribute">election_max_interval</span>=<span class="hljs-value">"500"</span>/></span>  
     <span class="hljs-tag"><<span class="hljs-title">raft.RAFT</span> <span class="hljs-attribute">members</span>=<span class="hljs-value">"A,B,C"</span> <span class="hljs-attribute">raft_id</span>=<span class="hljs-value">"${raft_id:undefined}"</span>/></span>  
     <span class="hljs-tag"><<span class="hljs-title">raft.REDIRECT</span>/></span>  
     <span class="hljs-tag"><<span class="hljs-title">raft.CLIENT</span> <span class="hljs-attribute">bind_addr</span>=<span class="hljs-value">"0.0.0.0"</span> /></span>  
 <span class="hljs-tag"></<span class="hljs-title">config</span>></span></code>  

3.JGroups-raft实例

实例很简单，只有JGroupsRaftTest和CounterService两个类组成。JGroupsRaftTest是测试启动类，而CounterService就是利用Raft协议实现的分布式计数服务类。

3.1 JGroupsRaftTest

JGroupsRaftTest的职责主要有三个：

创建Raft协议的JChannel
创建CounterService
循环读取用户输入

目前简单实现了几种操作包括：初始化计数器、加一、减一、读取计数器、查看Raft日志、做Raft快照（用于压缩日志文件）等。其中对计数器的操作，因为要与其他Raft成员进行分布式通信，所以当前集群必须要多于一个结点时才能进行操作。如果要支持单结点时的操作，需要做特殊处理。

    Prettyprint代码   
    
  
 <code class="language-java hljs  has-numbering"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> org.jgroups.JChannel;  
 <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> org.jgroups.protocols.raft.RAFT;  
 <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> org.jgroups.util.Util;  
   
 <span class="hljs-javadoc">/**  
  * Test jgroups raft algorithm implementation.  
  */</span>  
 <span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">JGroupsRaftTest</span> {</span>  
   
     <span class="hljs-keyword">private</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">final</span> String CLUSTER_NAME = <span class="hljs-string">"ctr-cluster"</span>;  
     <span class="hljs-keyword">private</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">final</span> String COUNTER_NAME = <span class="hljs-string">"counter"</span>;  
     <span class="hljs-keyword">private</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">final</span> String RAFT_XML = <span class="hljs-string">"raft.xml"</span>;  
   
     <span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">main</span>(String[] args) <span class="hljs-keyword">throws</span> Exception {  
         JChannel ch = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> JChannel(RAFT_XML).name(args[<span class="hljs-number">0</span>]);  
         CounterService counter = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> CounterService(ch);  
   
         <span class="hljs-keyword">try</span> {  
             doConnect(ch, CLUSTER_NAME);  
             doLoop(ch, counter);  
         } <span class="hljs-keyword">finally</span> {  
             Util.close(ch);  
         }  
     }  
   
     <span class="hljs-keyword">private</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">doConnect</span>(JChannel ch, String clusterName) <span class="hljs-keyword">throws</span> Exception {  
         ch.connect(clusterName);  
     }  
   
     <span class="hljs-keyword">private</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">doLoop</span>(JChannel ch, CounterService counter) {  
         <span class="hljs-keyword">boolean</span> looping = <span class="hljs-keyword">true</span>;  
         <span class="hljs-keyword">while</span> (looping) {  
             <span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> key = Util.keyPress(<span class="hljs-string">"\n[0] Create [1] Increment [2] Decrement [3] Dump log [4] Snapshot [x] Exit\n"</span> +  
                     <span class="hljs-string">"first-applied="</span> + ((RAFT) ch.getProtocolStack().findProtocol(RAFT.class)).log().firstApplied() +  
                     <span class="hljs-string">", last-applied="</span> + counter.lastApplied() +  
                     <span class="hljs-string">", commit-index="</span> + counter.commitIndex() +  
                     <span class="hljs-string">", log size="</span> + Util.printBytes(counter.logSize()) + <span class="hljs-string">": "</span>);  
   
             <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> ((key == <span class="hljs-string">'0'</span> || key == <span class="hljs-string">'1'</span> || key == <span class="hljs-string">'2'</span>) && !counter.isLeaderExist()) {  
                 System.out.println(<span class="hljs-string">"Cannot perform cause there is no leader by now"</span>);  
                 <span class="hljs-keyword">continue</span>;  
             }  
   
             <span class="hljs-keyword">long</span> val;  
             <span class="hljs-keyword">switch</span> (key) {  
                 <span class="hljs-keyword">case</span> <span class="hljs-string">'0'</span>:  
                     counter.getOrCreateCounter(COUNTER_NAME, <span class="hljs-number">1</span>L);  
                     <span class="hljs-keyword">break</span>;  
                 <span class="hljs-keyword">case</span> <span class="hljs-string">'1'</span>:  
                     val = counter.incrementAndGet(COUNTER_NAME);  
                     System.out.printf(<span class="hljs-string">"%s: %s\n"</span>, COUNTER_NAME, val);  
                     <span class="hljs-keyword">break</span>;  
                 <span class="hljs-keyword">case</span> <span class="hljs-string">'2'</span>:  
                     val = counter.decrementAndGet(COUNTER_NAME);  
                     System.out.printf(<span class="hljs-string">"%s: %s\n"</span>, COUNTER_NAME, val);  
                     <span class="hljs-keyword">break</span>;  
                 <span class="hljs-keyword">case</span> <span class="hljs-string">'3'</span>:  
                     counter.dumpLog();  
                     <span class="hljs-keyword">break</span>;  
                 <span class="hljs-keyword">case</span> <span class="hljs-string">'4'</span>:  
                     counter.snapshot();  
                     <span class="hljs-keyword">break</span>;  
                 <span class="hljs-keyword">case</span> <span class="hljs-string">'x'</span>:  
                     looping = <span class="hljs-keyword">false</span>;  
                     <span class="hljs-keyword">break</span>;  
                 <span class="hljs-keyword">case</span> <span class="hljs-string">'\n'</span>:  
                     System.out.println(COUNTER_NAME + <span class="hljs-string">": "</span> + counter.get(COUNTER_NAME) + <span class="hljs-string">"\n"</span>);  
                     <span class="hljs-keyword">break</span>;  
             }  
         }  
     }  
   
 }</code>  

3.2 CounterService

CounterService是我们的核心类，利用Raft实现了分布式的计数器操作，它的API主要由四部分组成：

Raft Local API：操作本地Raft的状态，像日志大小、做快照等
Raft API：实现Raft的监听器和状态机的方法
- roleChanged：本地Raft的角色发生变化
- apply：分布式通信消息
- readContentFrom/writeContentTo：读写快照
Counter API：计数器的分布式API
Counter Native API：计数器的本地API。直接使用的话相当于脏读

    Prettyprint代码   
    
  
 <code class="language-java hljs  has-numbering"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> org.jgroups.Channel;  
 <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> org.jgroups.protocols.raft.RAFT;  
 <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> org.jgroups.protocols.raft.Role;  
 <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> org.jgroups.protocols.raft.StateMachine;  
 <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> org.jgroups.raft.RaftHandle;  
 <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> org.jgroups.util.AsciiString;  
 <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> org.jgroups.util.Bits;  
 <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> org.jgroups.util.ByteArrayDataInputStream;  
 <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> org.jgroups.util.ByteArrayDataOutputStream;  
 <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> org.jgroups.util.Util;  
   
 <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> java.io.DataInput;  
 <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> java.io.DataOutput;  
 <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> java.io.IOException;  
 <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> java.text.SimpleDateFormat;  
 <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> java.util.Date;  
 <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> java.util.HashMap;  
 <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> java.util.Map;  
   
 <span class="hljs-javadoc">/**  
  * Distribute counter service based on Raft consensus algorithm.  
  */</span>  
 class CounterService implements StateMachine, RAFT.RoleChange {  
   
     <span class="hljs-keyword">private</span> RaftHandle raft;  
   
     <span class="hljs-keyword">private</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">final</span> Map<String, Long> counters;  
   
     <span class="hljs-keyword">private</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">enum</span> Command {  
         CREATE, INCREMENT_AND_GET, DECREMENT_AND_GET, GET, SET  
     }  
   
     <span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-title">CounterService</span>(Channel ch) {  
         <span class="hljs-keyword">this</span>.raft = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> RaftHandle(ch, <span class="hljs-keyword">this</span>);  
         <span class="hljs-keyword">this</span>.counters = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> HashMap<>();  
   
         raft.raftId(ch.getName())  
             .addRoleListener(<span class="hljs-keyword">this</span>);  
     }  
   
     <span class="hljs-comment">// ===========================================</span>  
     <span class="hljs-comment">//              Raft Status API</span>  
     <span class="hljs-comment">// ===========================================</span>  
   
     <span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> <span class="hljs-title">lastApplied</span>() {  
         <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> raft.lastApplied();  
     }  
   
     <span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> <span class="hljs-title">commitIndex</span>() {  
         <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> raft.commitIndex();  
     }  
   
     <span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> <span class="hljs-title">logSize</span>() {  
         <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> raft.logSize();  
     }  
   
     <span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">dumpLog</span>() {  
         System.out.println(<span class="hljs-string">"\nindex (term): command\n---------------------"</span>);  
         raft.logEntries((entry, index) -> {  
             StringBuilder log = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> StringBuilder()  
                     .append(index)  
                     .append(<span class="hljs-string">" ("</span>).append(entry.term()).append(<span class="hljs-string">"): "</span>);  
   
             <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (entry.command() == <span class="hljs-keyword">null</span> ) {  
                 System.out.println(log.append(<span class="hljs-string">"<marker record>"</span>));  
                 <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span>;  
             } <span class="hljs-keyword">else</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (entry.internal()) {  
                 System.out.println(log.append(<span class="hljs-string">"<internal command>"</span>));  
                 <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span>;  
             }  
   
             ByteArrayDataInputStream in = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> ByteArrayDataInputStream(  
                     entry.command(), entry.offset(), entry.length()  
             );  
             <span class="hljs-keyword">try</span> {  
                 Command cmd = Command.values()[in.readByte()];  
                 String name = Bits.readAsciiString(in).toString();  
                 <span class="hljs-keyword">switch</span> (cmd) {  
                     <span class="hljs-keyword">case</span> CREATE:  
                         log.append(cmd)  
                             .append(<span class="hljs-string">"("</span>).append(name).append(<span class="hljs-string">", "</span>)  
                             .append(Bits.readLong(in))  
                             .append(<span class="hljs-string">")"</span>);  
                         <span class="hljs-keyword">break</span>;  
                     <span class="hljs-keyword">case</span> GET:  
                     <span class="hljs-keyword">case</span> INCREMENT_AND_GET:  
                     <span class="hljs-keyword">case</span> DECREMENT_AND_GET:  
                         log.append(cmd)  
                             .append(<span class="hljs-string">"("</span>).append(name).append(<span class="hljs-string">")"</span>);  
                         <span class="hljs-keyword">break</span>;  
                     <span class="hljs-keyword">default</span>:  
                         <span class="hljs-keyword">throw</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> IllegalArgumentException(<span class="hljs-string">"Command "</span> + cmd + <span class="hljs-string">"is unknown"</span>);  
                 }  
                 System.out.println(log);  
             }  
             <span class="hljs-keyword">catch</span> (IOException e) {  
                 <span class="hljs-keyword">throw</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> IllegalStateException(<span class="hljs-string">"Error when dump log"</span>, e);  
             }  
         });  
         System.out.println();  
     }  
   
     <span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">snapshot</span>() {  
         <span class="hljs-keyword">try</span> {  
             raft.snapshot();  
         } <span class="hljs-keyword">catch</span> (Exception e) {  
             <span class="hljs-keyword">throw</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> IllegalStateException(<span class="hljs-string">"Error when snapshot"</span>, e);  
         }  
     }  
   
     <span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">boolean</span> <span class="hljs-title">isLeaderExist</span>() {  
         <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> raft.leader() != <span class="hljs-keyword">null</span>;  
     }  
   
     <span class="hljs-comment">// ===========================================</span>  
     <span class="hljs-comment">//              Raft API</span>  
     <span class="hljs-comment">// ===========================================</span>  
   
     <span class="hljs-annotation">@Override</span>  
     <span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">roleChanged</span>(Role role) {  
         System.out.println(<span class="hljs-string">"roleChanged to: "</span> + role);  
     }  
   
     <span class="hljs-annotation">@Override</span>  
     <span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">byte</span>[] <span class="hljs-title">apply</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">byte</span>[] data, <span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> offset, <span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> length) <span class="hljs-keyword">throws</span> Exception {  
         ByteArrayDataInputStream in = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> ByteArrayDataInputStream(data, offset, length);  
         Command cmd = Command.values()[in.readByte()];  
         String name = Bits.readAsciiString(in).toString();  
         System.out.println(<span class="hljs-string">"["</span> + <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> SimpleDateFormat(<span class="hljs-string">"HH:mm:ss.SSS"</span>).format(<span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Date())  
                 + <span class="hljs-string">"] Apply: cmd=["</span> + cmd + <span class="hljs-string">"]"</span>);  
   
         <span class="hljs-keyword">long</span> v1, retVal;  
         <span class="hljs-keyword">switch</span> (cmd) {  
             <span class="hljs-keyword">case</span> CREATE:  
                 v1 = Bits.readLong(in);  
                 retVal = create0(name, v1);  
                 <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> Util.objectToByteBuffer(retVal);  
             <span class="hljs-keyword">case</span> GET:  
                 retVal = get0(name);  
                 <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> Util.objectToByteBuffer(retVal);  
             <span class="hljs-keyword">case</span> INCREMENT_AND_GET:  
                 retVal = add0(name, <span class="hljs-number">1</span>L);  
                 <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> Util.objectToByteBuffer(retVal);  
             <span class="hljs-keyword">case</span> DECREMENT_AND_GET:  
                 retVal = add0(name, -<span class="hljs-number">1</span>L);  
                 <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> Util.objectToByteBuffer(retVal);  
             <span class="hljs-keyword">default</span>:  
                 <span class="hljs-keyword">throw</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> IllegalArgumentException(<span class="hljs-string">"Command "</span> + cmd + <span class="hljs-string">"is unknown"</span>);  
         }  
     }  
   
     <span class="hljs-annotation">@Override</span>  
     <span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">readContentFrom</span>(DataInput in) <span class="hljs-keyword">throws</span> Exception {  
         <span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> size = in.readInt();  
         System.out.println(<span class="hljs-string">"ReadContentFrom: size=["</span> + size + <span class="hljs-string">"]"</span>);  
         <span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> i = <span class="hljs-number">0</span>; i < size; i++) {  
             AsciiString name = Bits.readAsciiString(in);  
             Long value = Bits.readLong(in);  
             counters.put(name.toString(), value);  
         }  
     }  
   
     <span class="hljs-annotation">@Override</span>  
     <span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">writeContentTo</span>(DataOutput out) <span class="hljs-keyword">throws</span> Exception {  
         <span class="hljs-keyword">synchronized</span> (counters) {  
             <span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> size = counters.size();  
             System.out.println(<span class="hljs-string">"WriteContentFrom: size=["</span> + size + <span class="hljs-string">"]"</span>);  
             out.writeInt(size);  
             <span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> (Map.Entry<String, Long> entry : counters.entrySet()) {  
                 AsciiString name = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> AsciiString(entry.getKey());  
                 Long value = entry.getValue();  
                 Bits.writeAsciiString(name, out);  
                 Bits.writeLong(value, out);  
             }  
         }  
     }  
   
     <span class="hljs-comment">// ===========================================</span>  
     <span class="hljs-comment">//              Counter API</span>  
     <span class="hljs-comment">// ===========================================</span>  
   
     <span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">getOrCreateCounter</span>(String name, <span class="hljs-keyword">long</span> initVal) {  
         Object retVal = invoke(Command.CREATE, name, <span class="hljs-keyword">false</span>, initVal);  
         counters.put(name, (Long) retVal);  
     }  
   
     <span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">long</span> <span class="hljs-title">incrementAndGet</span>(String name) {  
         <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword">long</span>) invoke(Command.INCREMENT_AND_GET, name, <span class="hljs-keyword">false</span>);  
     }  
   
     <span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">long</span> <span class="hljs-title">decrementAndGet</span>(String name) {  
         <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword">long</span>) invoke(Command.DECREMENT_AND_GET, name, <span class="hljs-keyword">false</span>);  
     }  
   
     <span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">long</span> <span class="hljs-title">get</span>(String name) {  
         <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword">long</span>) invoke(Command.GET, name, <span class="hljs-keyword">false</span>);  
     }  
   
     <span class="hljs-keyword">private</span> Object <span class="hljs-title">invoke</span>(Command cmd, String name, <span class="hljs-keyword">boolean</span> ignoreRetVal, <span class="hljs-keyword">long</span>... values) {  
         ByteArrayDataOutputStream out = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> ByteArrayDataOutputStream(<span class="hljs-number">256</span>);  
         <span class="hljs-keyword">try</span> {  
             out.writeByte(cmd.ordinal());  
             Bits.writeAsciiString(<span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> AsciiString(name), out);  
             <span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword">long</span> val : values) {  
                 Bits.writeLong(val, out);  
             }  
   
             <span class="hljs-keyword">byte</span>[] rsp = raft.set(out.buffer(), <span class="hljs-number">0</span>, out.position());  
             <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> ignoreRetVal ? <span class="hljs-keyword">null</span> : Util.objectFromByteBuffer(rsp);  
         }  
         <span class="hljs-keyword">catch</span> (IOException ex) {  
             <span class="hljs-keyword">throw</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> RuntimeException(<span class="hljs-string">"Serialization failure (cmd="</span>  
                     + cmd + <span class="hljs-string">", name="</span> + name + <span class="hljs-string">")"</span>, ex);  
         }  
         <span class="hljs-keyword">catch</span> (Exception ex) {  
             <span class="hljs-keyword">throw</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> RuntimeException(<span class="hljs-string">"Raft set failure (cmd="</span>  
                     + cmd + <span class="hljs-string">", name="</span> + name + <span class="hljs-string">")"</span>, ex);  
         }  
     }  
   
     <span class="hljs-comment">// ===========================================</span>  
     <span class="hljs-comment">//              Counter Native API</span>  
     <span class="hljs-comment">// ===========================================</span>  
   
     <span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">synchronized</span> Long <span class="hljs-title">create0</span>(String name, <span class="hljs-keyword">long</span> initVal) {  
         counters.putIfAbsent(name, initVal);  
         <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> counters.get(name);  
     }  
   
     <span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">synchronized</span> Long <span class="hljs-title">get0</span>(String name) {  
         <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> counters.getOrDefault(name, <span class="hljs-number">0</span>L);  
     }  
   
     <span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">synchronized</span> Long <span class="hljs-title">add0</span>(String name, <span class="hljs-keyword">long</span> delta) {  
         Long oldVal = counters.getOrDefault(name, <span class="hljs-number">0</span>L);  
         <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> counters.put(name, oldVal + delta);  
     }  
 }</code>  

3.3 运行测试

我们分别以A、B、C为参数，启动三个JGroupsRaftTest服务。这样会自动在C:\Users\cdai\AppData\Local\Temp下生成A.log、B.log、C.log三个日志文件夹。

    Prettyprint代码   
    
  
 <code class="hljs livecodeserver has-numbering">cdai@vm /cygdrive/c/Users/cdai/AppData/Local/Temp  
 $ tree A.<span class="hljs-built_in">log</span>/ B.<span class="hljs-built_in">log</span>/ C.<span class="hljs-built_in">log</span>/  
 A.<span class="hljs-built_in">log</span>/  
 |<span class="hljs-comment">-- 000005.sst</span>  
 |<span class="hljs-comment">-- 000006.log</span>  
 |<span class="hljs-comment">-- CURRENT</span>  
 |<span class="hljs-comment">-- LOCK</span>  
 |<span class="hljs-comment">-- LOG</span>  
 |<span class="hljs-comment">-- LOG.old</span>  
 `<span class="hljs-comment">-- MANIFEST-000004</span>  
 B.<span class="hljs-built_in">log</span>/  
 |<span class="hljs-comment">-- 000003.log</span>  
 |<span class="hljs-comment">-- CURRENT</span>  
 |<span class="hljs-comment">-- LOCK</span>  
 |<span class="hljs-comment">-- LOG</span>  
 `<span class="hljs-comment">-- MANIFEST-000002</span>  
 C.<span class="hljs-built_in">log</span>/  
 |<span class="hljs-comment">-- 000003.log</span>  
 |<span class="hljs-comment">-- CURRENT</span>  
 |<span class="hljs-comment">-- LOCK</span>  
 |<span class="hljs-comment">-- LOG</span>  
 `<span class="hljs-comment">-- MANIFEST-000002</span>  
   
 <span class="hljs-number">0</span> <span class="hljs-built_in">directories</span>, <span class="hljs-number">17</span> <span class="hljs-built_in">files</span></code>  

3.3.1 分布式一致性

首先A创建计数器，B“加一”，C“减一”。可以看到尽管我们是分别在A、B、C上执行这三个操作，但三个结点都先后（leader提交日志后通知follower）通过apply()方法收到消息，并在本地的计数器Map上同步执行操作，保证了数据的一致性。最后停掉A服务，可以看到B通过roleChanged()得到消息，提升为新的Leader，并与C一同继续提供服务。

A的控制台输出：

    Prettyprint代码   
    
  
 <code class="hljs asciidoc has-numbering"><span class="hljs-code">-------------------------------------------------------------------  
 GMS: address=A, cluster=ctr-cluster, physical address=2001:0:9d38:6abd:cbb:1f78:3f57:50f6:50100  
 -------------------------------------------------------------------</span>  
   
 [0] Create [1] Increment [2] Decrement [3] Dump log [4] Snapshot [x] Exit  
 first-applied=0, last-applied=0, commit-index=0, log size=0b:   
 roleChanged to: Candidate  
 roleChanged to: Leader  
 0  
 <span class="hljs-attribute">[14:16:00.744] Apply: cmd=[CREATE]</span>  
   
 [0] Create [1] Increment [2] Decrement [3] Dump log [4] Snapshot [x] Exit  
 first-applied=0, last-applied=1, commit-index=1, log size=1b:   
 <span class="hljs-attribute">[14:16:07.002] Apply: cmd=[INCREMENT_AND_GET]</span>  
 <span class="hljs-attribute">[14:16:14.264] Apply: cmd=[DECREMENT_AND_GET]</span>  
 3  
   
 <span class="hljs-header">index (term): command  
 ---------------------</span>  
 1 (29): CREATE(counter, 1)  
 2 (29): INCREMENT<span class="hljs-emphasis">_AND_</span>GET(counter)  
 3 (29): DECREMENT<span class="hljs-emphasis">_AND_</span>GET(counter)</code>  

B的控制台输出：

    Prettyprint代码   
    
  
 <code class="hljs sql has-numbering"><span class="hljs-comment">-------------------------------------------------------------------</span>  
 GMS: address=B, cluster=ctr-cluster, physical address=2001:0:9d38:6abd:cbb:1f78:3f57:50f6:50101  
 <span class="hljs-comment">-------------------------------------------------------------------</span>  
   
 [0] <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">Create</span> [<span class="hljs-number">1</span>] Increment [<span class="hljs-number">2</span>] Decrement [<span class="hljs-number">3</span>] Dump log [<span class="hljs-number">4</span>] Snapshot [x] Exit  
 <span class="hljs-keyword">first</span>-applied=<span class="hljs-number">0</span>, <span class="hljs-keyword">last</span>-applied=<span class="hljs-number">0</span>, <span class="hljs-keyword">commit</span>-index=<span class="hljs-number">0</span>, log <span class="hljs-keyword">size</span>=<span class="hljs-number">0</span>b:   
 [<span class="hljs-number">14</span>:<span class="hljs-number">16</span>:<span class="hljs-number">01.300</span>] Apply: cmd=[<span class="hljs-keyword">CREATE</span>]  
 <span class="hljs-number">1</span>  
 counter: <span class="hljs-number">2</span>  
   
 [<span class="hljs-number">0</span>] <span class="hljs-keyword">Create</span> [<span class="hljs-number">1</span>] Increment [<span class="hljs-number">2</span>] Decrement [<span class="hljs-number">3</span>] Dump log [<span class="hljs-number">4</span>] Snapshot [x] Exit  
 <span class="hljs-keyword">first</span>-applied=<span class="hljs-number">0</span>, <span class="hljs-keyword">last</span>-applied=<span class="hljs-number">2</span>, <span class="hljs-keyword">commit</span>-index=<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, log <span class="hljs-keyword">size</span>=<span class="hljs-number">2</span>b:   
 [<span class="hljs-number">14</span>:<span class="hljs-number">16</span>:<span class="hljs-number">07.299</span>] Apply: cmd=[INCREMENT_AND_GET]  
 [<span class="hljs-number">14</span>:<span class="hljs-number">16</span>:<span class="hljs-number">14.304</span>] Apply: cmd=[DECREMENT_AND_GET]  
 roleChanged <span class="hljs-keyword">to</span>: Candidate  
 roleChanged <span class="hljs-keyword">to</span>: Leader</span></code>  

C的控制台输出：

    Prettyprint代码   
    
  
 <code class="hljs sql has-numbering"><span class="hljs-comment">-------------------------------------------------------------------</span>  
 GMS: address=C, cluster=ctr-cluster, physical address=2001:0:9d38:6abd:cbb:1f78:3f57:50f6:55800  
 <span class="hljs-comment">-------------------------------------------------------------------</span>  
   
 [0] <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">Create</span> [<span class="hljs-number">1</span>] Increment [<span class="hljs-number">2</span>] Decrement [<span class="hljs-number">3</span>] Dump log [<span class="hljs-number">4</span>] Snapshot [x] Exit  
 <span class="hljs-keyword">first</span>-applied=<span class="hljs-number">0</span>, <span class="hljs-keyword">last</span>-applied=<span class="hljs-number">0</span>, <span class="hljs-keyword">commit</span>-index=<span class="hljs-number">0</span>, log <span class="hljs-keyword">size</span>=<span class="hljs-number">0</span>b:   
 [<span class="hljs-number">14</span>:<span class="hljs-number">16</span>:<span class="hljs-number">01.300</span>] Apply: cmd=[<span class="hljs-keyword">CREATE</span>]  
 [<span class="hljs-number">14</span>:<span class="hljs-number">16</span>:<span class="hljs-number">07.299</span>] Apply: cmd=[INCREMENT_AND_GET]  
 <span class="hljs-number">2</span>  
 counter: <span class="hljs-number">3</span>  
   
 [<span class="hljs-number">0</span>] <span class="hljs-keyword">Create</span> [<span class="hljs-number">1</span>] Increment [<span class="hljs-number">2</span>] Decrement [<span class="hljs-number">3</span>] Dump log [<span class="hljs-number">4</span>] Snapshot [x] Exit  
 <span class="hljs-keyword">first</span>-applied=<span class="hljs-number">0</span>, <span class="hljs-keyword">last</span>-applied=<span class="hljs-number">3</span>, <span class="hljs-keyword">commit</span>-index=<span class="hljs-number">2</span>, log <span class="hljs-keyword">size</span>=<span class="hljs-number">3</span>b:   
 [<span class="hljs-number">14</span>:<span class="hljs-number">16</span>:<span class="hljs-number">14.304</span>] Apply: cmd=[DECREMENT_AND_GET]</span></code>  

3.3.2 服务恢复

在只有B和C的集群中，我们执行了一次“加一”。当我们重新启动A服务时，它会自动执行这条日志，保持与B和C的一致。从日志的index能够看出，69是一个Term，也就是A为Leader时的“任期”，而70也就是B为Leader时。

A的控制台输出：

    Prettyprint代码   
    
  
 <code class="hljs asciidoc has-numbering"><span class="hljs-code">-------------------------------------------------------------------  
 GMS: address=A, cluster=ctr-cluster, physical address=2001:0:9d38:6abd:cbb:1f78:3f57:50f6:53237  
 -------------------------------------------------------------------</span>  
   
 [0] Create [1] Increment [2] Decrement [3] Dump log [4] Snapshot [x] Exit  
 first-applied=0, last-applied=3, commit-index=3, log size=3b:   
 <span class="hljs-attribute">[14:18:45.275] Apply: cmd=[INCREMENT_AND_GET]</span>  
 <span class="hljs-attribute">[14:18:45.277] Apply: cmd=[GET]</span>  
 3  
   
 <span class="hljs-header">index (term): command  
 ---------------------</span>  
 1 (69): CREATE(counter, 1)  
 2 (69): INCREMENT<span class="hljs-emphasis">_AND_</span>GET(counter)  
 3 (69): DECREMENT<span class="hljs-emphasis">_AND_</span>GET(counter)  
 4 (70): INCREMENT<span class="hljs-emphasis">_AND_</span>GET(counter)  
 5 (70): GET(counter)</code>  