（翻译）闭合需要（Need for closure）

问题概述

  我们渴望确切的认知闭合，而不是长久的模糊不定[3]。

用途

• 用关于结束的微妙暗示激励用户[4]；
• 用于想激励用户采取行动时；
• 如果想激励用户去做的事情很繁琐冗长，或无法靠小成就来实现，则不要使用本模式。

解决方案

  用关于结束的微妙暗示激励用户采取行动。人类有一种内在动机去寻求从模糊走向闭合。发布满足闭合需求的小型任务集合，让用户获得一系列小成就，使他们感到正在摆脱模糊和怀疑，迈向结束和确定。[5]

说明

  人类努力实现目标，所有人都觉得我们需要实现目标。这种不让事情半途而废的需要，是实现我们梦想的关键动力。对我们而言，重要的是看到一种走向闭合的趋势。[6]
  因闭合需要而产生的紧张称为挫折，这种闭合称为满足。一旦归于满足，不平衡就会消除，进而消失。[7]

讨论

  心理学中，人们或高或低都会有闭合需要。闭合需要较高的人更喜欢秩序和可预见性，因此他们思想坚定、保守封闭，而闭合需要较低的人会有更多的创造性行为。
  总之，我们都需要找到一个答案，以摆脱怀疑不定的感觉。
  针对闭合需要较高的人群进行设计时，要利用他们正在寻找尽头且有内在动机去结束的事实，根据早期的线索、认知启发或找到的首个答案，他们很可能会尽快闭合。这就构成了精细平衡：如果没有解决方案，或可以及时找到解决方案，那么闭合需要较高的人很快就会失去所有的动力。[8]
  闭合需要较低的人更擅长处理长期处于模糊不定状态的情况，他们更有效率，他们提出的解决方案更有创意。

原文地址：http://ui-patterns.com/patterns/Need-for-closure

[1]了结心理——为什么有些人更需要明确的结束，https://www.cdstm.cn/gallery/hycx/qyzx/201811/t20181105_891395.html
[2]认知闭合需要带来的心理影响,http://news.cssn.cn/zx/bwyc/201707/t20170703_3567144.shtml
[3]原文：We have a desire for definite cognitive closure as opposed to enduring ambiguity.
[4]原文：Motivate your users by providing subtle cues to completion.
[5]原文：Motivate your users to act by providing subtle cues to completion. As humans, we have an innate motivation to seek away from ambiguity towards closure. By providing small tasks that plays on our need for closure, you can provide small successes for your users and let them feel as they are working their way out of ambiguity and doubt towards completeness and certainty.
[6]原文：As humans, we strive toward satisfying our goals and all feel we have a need for fulfilling them. This need for not leaving things be, is a key motivator for acting on our dreams. It is important for us to perceive a movement towards closure.
[7]原文：The tension arising out of the need for closure is called frustration, the closure is called satisfaction. Once satisfaction has been reached, the imbalance is removed and thus disappears.
[8]原文：When designing for people with a high need for closure, utilize the fact that these people are searching for an end and has an innate motivation to “finish up”. People with a high need for closure are likely to quickly grasp closure by relying on early cues, cognitive heuristics, or the first answer they come across. This creates a fine balance: people with a high need for closure can quickly loose all motivation if a solution is not provided or can be found in due time.
[9]术语学习: 认知闭合(cognitive closure)，https://www.jianshu.com/p/efd069818f22