java8类库简单了解（二）Math

这里笔者注意和好奇的方法是：

addExact()，

subtractExact(),

multiplyExact(),

incrementExact(),

decrementExact(),

negateExact(),

toIntExact

这几个是java8新增的方法，如果调用就简单规避了基本数据类型转换时的溢出问题。

摘录部分源码：

package java.lang;
import java.util.Random;

import sun.misc.FloatConsts;
import sun.misc.DoubleConsts;

/**
 * 备注：gcc
 * @author  unascribed
 * @author  Joseph D. Darcy
 * @since   JDK1.0
 */
//这里按照实用性进行重新排序
public final class Math {

    /**
     * Don't let anyone instantiate this class.
	 不要初始化此类
     */
    private Math() {}

    /**
     * e静态值
     */
    public static final double E = 2.7182818284590452354;

    /**
     * PI静态值
     */
    public static final double PI = 3.14159265358979323846;
	
	/**
     * 返回带正号的 double 值，该值大于等于 0.0 且小于 1.0。
     */
    public static double random() {
        return RandomNumberGeneratorHolder.randomNumberGenerator.nextDouble();
    }
	
	/**
     * 计算平方
     */
    public static double sqrt(double a) {
        return StrictMath.sqrt(a); // default impl. delegates to StrictMath
                                   // Note that hardware sqrt instructions
                                   // frequently can be directly used by JITs
                                   // and should be much faster than doing
                                   // Math.sqrt in software.
    }
	
	/**
     * 返回最接近参数的 int。小数四舍五入，float时返回int值，double时返回long值 
     */
    public static int round(float a) {
        int intBits = Float.floatToRawIntBits(a);
        int biasedExp = (intBits & FloatConsts.EXP_BIT_MASK)
                >> (FloatConsts.SIGNIFICAND_WIDTH - 1);
        int shift = (FloatConsts.SIGNIFICAND_WIDTH - 2
                + FloatConsts.EXP_BIAS) - biasedExp;
        if ((shift & -32) == 0) { // shift >= 0 && shift < 32
            // a is a finite number such that pow(2,-32) <= ulp(a) < 1
            int r = ((intBits & FloatConsts.SIGNIF_BIT_MASK)
                    | (FloatConsts.SIGNIF_BIT_MASK + 1));
            if (intBits < 0) {
                r = -r;
            }
            // In the comments below each Java expression evaluates to the value
            // the corresponding mathematical expression:
            // (r) evaluates to a / ulp(a)
            // (r >> shift) evaluates to floor(a * 2)
            // ((r >> shift) + 1) evaluates to floor((a + 1/2) * 2)
            // (((r >> shift) + 1) >> 1) evaluates to floor(a + 1/2)
            return ((r >> shift) + 1) >> 1;
        } else {
            // a is either
            // - a finite number with abs(a) < exp(2,FloatConsts.SIGNIFICAND_WIDTH-32) < 1/2
            // - a finite number with ulp(a) >= 1 and hence a is a mathematical integer
            // - an infinity or NaN
            return (int) a;
        }
    }
	
	/**
     * 返回最接近参数的 long。
     */
    public static long round(double a) {
        long longBits = Double.doubleToRawLongBits(a);
        long biasedExp = (longBits & DoubleConsts.EXP_BIT_MASK)
                >> (DoubleConsts.SIGNIFICAND_WIDTH - 1);
        long shift = (DoubleConsts.SIGNIFICAND_WIDTH - 2
                + DoubleConsts.EXP_BIAS) - biasedExp;
        if ((shift & -64) == 0) { // shift >= 0 && shift < 64
            // a is a finite number such that pow(2,-64) <= ulp(a) < 1
            long r = ((longBits & DoubleConsts.SIGNIF_BIT_MASK)
                    | (DoubleConsts.SIGNIF_BIT_MASK + 1));
            if (longBits < 0) {
                r = -r;
            }
            // In the comments below each Java expression evaluates to the value
            // the corresponding mathematical expression:
            // (r) evaluates to a / ulp(a)
            // (r >> shift) evaluates to floor(a * 2)
            // ((r >> shift) + 1) evaluates to floor((a + 1/2) * 2)
            // (((r >> shift) + 1) >> 1) evaluates to floor(a + 1/2)
            return ((r >> shift) + 1) >> 1;
        } else {
            // a is either
            // - a finite number with abs(a) < exp(2,DoubleConsts.SIGNIFICAND_WIDTH-64) < 1/2
            // - a finite number with ulp(a) >= 1 and hence a is a mathematical integer
            // - an infinity or NaN
            return (long) a;
        }
    }
	
	/**
     * 返回绝对值
     */
    public static int abs(int a) {
        return (a < 0) ? -a : a;
    }

    public static long abs(long a) {
        return (a < 0) ? -a : a;
    }

    public static float abs(float a) {
        return (a <= 0.0F) ? 0.0F - a : a;
    }

    public static double abs(double a) {
        return (a <= 0.0D) ? 0.0D - a : a;
    }

    /**
     * 返回最大值
     */
    public static int max(int a, int b) {
        return (a >= b) ? a : b;
    }

    public static long max(long a, long b) {
        return (a >= b) ? a : b;
    }

    // Use raw bit-wise conversions on guaranteed non-NaN arguments.
	// 在保证非nan参数的情况下使用原始的位元转换。
    private static long negativeZeroFloatBits  = Float.floatToRawIntBits(-0.0f);
    private static long negativeZeroDoubleBits = Double.doubleToRawLongBits(-0.0d);

    public static float max(float a, float b) {
        if (a != a)
            return a;   // a is NaN
        if ((a == 0.0f) &&
            (b == 0.0f) &&
            (Float.floatToRawIntBits(a) == negativeZeroFloatBits)) {
            // Raw conversion ok since NaN can't map to -0.0.
            return b;
        }
        return (a >= b) ? a : b;
    }

    public static double max(double a, double b) {
        if (a != a)
            return a;   // a is NaN
        if ((a == 0.0d) &&
            (b == 0.0d) &&
            (Double.doubleToRawLongBits(a) == negativeZeroDoubleBits)) {
            // Raw conversion ok since NaN can't map to -0.0.
            return b;
        }
        return (a >= b) ? a : b;
    }

    /**
     * 返回最小值
     */
    public static int min(int a, int b) {
        return (a <= b) ? a : b;
    }

    public static long min(long a, long b) {
        return (a <= b) ? a : b;
    }

    public static float min(float a, float b) {
        if (a != a)
            return a;   // a is NaN
        if ((a == 0.0f) &&
            (b == 0.0f) &&
            (Float.floatToRawIntBits(b) == negativeZeroFloatBits)) {
            // Raw conversion ok since NaN can't map to -0.0.
            return b;
        }
        return (a <= b) ? a : b;
    }

    public static double min(double a, double b) {
        if (a != a)
            return a;   // a is NaN
        if ((a == 0.0d) &&
            (b == 0.0d) &&
            (Double.doubleToRawLongBits(b) == negativeZeroDoubleBits)) {
            // Raw conversion ok since NaN can't map to -0.0.
            return b;
        }
        return (a <= b) ? a : b;
    }
	
	/** 
		返回其参数的和，
		如果结果溢出了，则抛出异常
		下面省略的雷同
     * @since 1.8
     */
    public static int addExact(int x, int y) {
        int r = x + y;
        // HD 2-12 Overflow iff both arguments have the opposite sign of the result
        if (((x ^ r) & (y ^ r)) < 0) {
            throw new ArithmeticException("integer overflow");
        }
        return r;
    }

    /**
     * @since 1.8
     */
    public static long addExact(long x, long y) {
        long r = x + y;
        // HD 2-12 Overflow iff both arguments have the opposite sign of the result
        if (((x ^ r) & (y ^ r)) < 0) {
            throw new ArithmeticException("long overflow");
        }
        return r;
    }

    /**
     * @since 1.8
     */
    public static int subtractExact(int x, int y) {
        int r = x - y;
        // HD 2-12 Overflow iff the arguments have different signs and
        // the sign of the result is different than the sign of x
        if (((x ^ y) & (x ^ r)) < 0) {
            throw new ArithmeticException("integer overflow");
        }
        return r;
    }

    /**
     * @since 1.8
     */
    public static long subtractExact(long x, long y) {
        long r = x - y;
        // HD 2-12 Overflow iff the arguments have different signs and
        // the sign of the result is different than the sign of x
        if (((x ^ y) & (x ^ r)) < 0) {
            throw new ArithmeticException("long overflow");
        }
        return r;
    }

    /**
     * @since 1.8
     */
    public static int multiplyExact(int x, int y) {
        long r = (long)x * (long)y;
        if ((int)r != r) {
            throw new ArithmeticException("integer overflow");
        }
        return (int)r;
    }

    /**
     * @since 1.8
     */
    public static long multiplyExact(long x, long y) {
        long r = x * y;
        long ax = Math.abs(x);
        long ay = Math.abs(y);
        if (((ax | ay) >>> 31 != 0)) {
            // Some bits greater than 2^31 that might cause overflow
            // Check the result using the divide operator
            // and check for the special case of Long.MIN_VALUE * -1
           if (((y != 0) && (r / y != x)) ||
               (x == Long.MIN_VALUE && y == -1)) {
                throw new ArithmeticException("long overflow");
            }
        }
        return r;
    }

    /**
     * @since 1.8
     */
    public static int incrementExact(int a) {
        if (a == Integer.MAX_VALUE) {
            throw new ArithmeticException("integer overflow");
        }

        return a + 1;
    }

    /**
     * @since 1.8
     */
    public static long incrementExact(long a) {
        if (a == Long.MAX_VALUE) {
            throw new ArithmeticException("long overflow");
        }

        return a + 1L;
    }

    /**
     * @since 1.8
     */
    public static int decrementExact(int a) {
        if (a == Integer.MIN_VALUE) {
            throw new ArithmeticException("integer overflow");
        }

        return a - 1;
    }

    /**
     * @since 1.8
     */
    public static long decrementExact(long a) {
        if (a == Long.MIN_VALUE) {
            throw new ArithmeticException("long overflow");
        }

        return a - 1L;
    }

    /**
     * 返回参数的否定，反面
     * @since 1.8
     */
    public static int negateExact(int a) {
        if (a == Integer.MIN_VALUE) {
            throw new ArithmeticException("integer overflow");
        }

        return -a;
    }

    /**
     * @since 1.8
     */
    public static long negateExact(long a) {
        if (a == Long.MIN_VALUE) {
            throw new ArithmeticException("long overflow");
        }

        return -a;
    }

    /**
     * long转int
     * @since 1.8
     */
    public static int toIntExact(long value) {
        if ((int)value != value) {
            throw new ArithmeticException("integer overflow");
        }
        return (int)value;
    }

	/**
     * 计算立方
     */
    public static double cbrt(double a) {
        return StrictMath.cbrt(a);
    }
	
	/**
     * 返回第一个参数的第二个参数次幂的值。计算a的b次方
     */
    public static double pow(double a, double b) {
        return StrictMath.pow(a, b); // default impl. delegates to StrictMath
    }
	
	/**
     * 返回两个参数之间和第一个参数相邻的浮点数
	   例如double 3.5和12.2之间，数学上定义两者之间的数是无穷的，但计算机不可能（内存不是无穷大），所以可以得到3.5后的计算机内的第一个相邻数：例如为3.5000000000000004
     * @since 1.6
     */
    public static double nextAfter(double start, double direction) {
        /*
         * The cases:
         *
         * nextAfter(+infinity, 0)  == MAX_VALUE
         * nextAfter(+infinity, +infinity)  == +infinity
         * nextAfter(-infinity, 0)  == -MAX_VALUE
         * nextAfter(-infinity, -infinity)  == -infinity
         *
         * are naturally handled without any additional testing
         */

        // First check for NaN values
        if (Double.isNaN(start) || Double.isNaN(direction)) {
            // return a NaN derived from the input NaN(s)
            return start + direction;
        } else if (start == direction) {
            return direction;
        } else {        // start > direction or start < direction
            // Add +0.0 to get rid of a -0.0 (+0.0 + -0.0 => +0.0)
            // then bitwise convert start to integer.
            long transducer = Double.doubleToRawLongBits(start + 0.0d);

            if (direction > start) { // Calculate next greater value
                transducer = transducer + (transducer >= 0L ? 1L:-1L);
            } else  { // Calculate next lesser value
                assert direction < start;
                if (transducer > 0L)
                    --transducer;
                else
                    if (transducer < 0L )
                        ++transducer;
                    else
                        transducer = DoubleConsts.SIGN_BIT_MASK | 1L;
            }

            return Double.longBitsToDouble(transducer);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @since 1.6
     */
    public static float nextAfter(float start, double direction) {
        /*
         * The cases:
         *
         * nextAfter(+infinity, 0)  == MAX_VALUE
         * nextAfter(+infinity, +infinity)  == +infinity
         * nextAfter(-infinity, 0)  == -MAX_VALUE
         * nextAfter(-infinity, -infinity)  == -infinity
         *
         * are naturally handled without any additional testing
         */

        // First check for NaN values
        if (Float.isNaN(start) || Double.isNaN(direction)) {
            // return a NaN derived from the input NaN(s)
            return start + (float)direction;
        } else if (start == direction) {
            return (float)direction;
        } else {        // start > direction or start < direction
            // Add +0.0 to get rid of a -0.0 (+0.0 + -0.0 => +0.0)
            // then bitwise convert start to integer.
            int transducer = Float.floatToRawIntBits(start + 0.0f);

            /*
             * IEEE 754 floating-point numbers are lexicographically
             * ordered if treated as signed- magnitude integers .
             * Since Java's integers are two's complement,
             * incrementing" the two's complement representation of a
             * logically negative floating-point value *decrements*
             * the signed-magnitude representation. Therefore, when
             * the integer representation of a floating-point values
             * is less than zero, the adjustment to the representation
             * is in the opposite direction than would be expected at
             * first.
             */
            if (direction > start) {// Calculate next greater value
                transducer = transducer + (transducer >= 0 ? 1:-1);
            } else  { // Calculate next lesser value
                assert direction < start;
                if (transducer > 0)
                    --transducer;
                else
                    if (transducer < 0 )
                        ++transducer;
                    /*
                     * transducer==0, the result is -MIN_VALUE
                     *
                     * The transition from zero (implicitly
                     * positive) to the smallest negative
                     * signed magnitude value must be done
                     * explicitly.
                     */
                    else
                        transducer = FloatConsts.SIGN_BIT_MASK | 1;
            }

            return Float.intBitsToFloat(transducer);
        }
    }

    /**
     * 返回参数值和正无穷大之间和参数值相邻的浮点数
     * @since 1.6
     */
    public static double nextUp(double d) {
        if( Double.isNaN(d) || d == Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY)
            return d;
        else {
            d += 0.0d;
            return Double.longBitsToDouble(Double.doubleToRawLongBits(d) +
                                           ((d >= 0.0d)?+1L:-1L));
        }
    }

    /**
     * @since 1.6
     */
    public static float nextUp(float f) {
        if( Float.isNaN(f) || f == FloatConsts.POSITIVE_INFINITY)
            return f;
        else {
            f += 0.0f;
            return Float.intBitsToFloat(Float.floatToRawIntBits(f) +
                                        ((f >= 0.0f)?+1:-1));
        }
    }

    /**
     * @since 1.8
     */
    public static double nextDown(double d) {
        if (Double.isNaN(d) || d == Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY)
            return d;
        else {
            if (d == 0.0)
                return -Double.MIN_VALUE;
            else
                return Double.longBitsToDouble(Double.doubleToRawLongBits(d) +
                                               ((d > 0.0d)?-1L:+1L));
        }
    }

    /**
     * @since 1.8
     */
    public static float nextDown(float f) {
        if (Float.isNaN(f) || f == Float.NEGATIVE_INFINITY)
            return f;
        else {
            if (f == 0.0f)
                return -Float.MIN_VALUE;
            else
                return Float.intBitsToFloat(Float.floatToRawIntBits(f) +
                                            ((f > 0.0f)?-1:+1));
        }
    }
	
    /**
     *三角函数sin()
     */
    public static double sin(double a) {
        return StrictMath.sin(a); // default impl. delegates to StrictMath
    }

    /**
     * 三角函数cos()
     */
    public static double cos(double a) {
        return StrictMath.cos(a); // default impl. delegates to StrictMath
    }

    /**
     *三角函数tan()
     */
    public static double tan(double a) {
        return StrictMath.tan(a); // default impl. delegates to StrictMath
    }

    /**
     * 角度转弧度
     */
    public static double toRadians(double angdeg) {
        return angdeg / 180.0 * PI;
    }

    /**
     * 弧度转角度
     */
    public static double toDegrees(double angrad) {
        return angrad * 180.0 / PI;
    }

    /**
     * 返回最小的（最接近负无穷大）double 值，该值大于等于参数，并等于某个整数。
     */
    public static double ceil(double a) {
        return StrictMath.ceil(a); // default impl. delegates to StrictMath
    }

    /**
     * 返回最大的（最接近正无穷大）double 值，该值小于等于参数，并等于某个整数。
     */
    public static double floor(double a) {
        return StrictMath.floor(a); // default impl. delegates to StrictMath
    }


}