1）cvNormalizeHist：直方图归一化
cvNormalizeHist(CvHistogram * hist, double factor);
hist：表示直方图
factor：表示直方图归一化以后的数值（通常情况下设置为1）。这里它是一个double类型的数据，尽管函数CvHistogram 的内部数据类型通常都是float类型。
2）cvThreshHist：直方图阀值化
cvThreshHist(CvHistogram * hist, double factor);
hist：表示直方图
factor：是一个开关阀值。进行直方图阀值化处理之后，小于给定阀值的各个bin的值都被设为0。
3）cvCopyHist：复制直方图
void cvCopyHist(const CvHistogram * src, CvHistogram * * dst);
将一个直方图的信息复制到另一个直方图中。
第二个参数是指向直方图的指针的指针。
4）cvGetMinMaxHistValue：输出直方图中找到的最大值和最小值
void cvGetMinMaxHistValue(const CvHistogram * hist, float * min_value, float * max_value,
int * min_idx = NULL, int * max_idx = NULL);
hist
直方图
min_value
直方图最小值的指针
max_value
直方图最大值的指针
min_idx
数组中最小坐标的指针
max_idx
数组中最大坐标的指针
函数 cvGetMinMaxHistValue 发现最大和最小直方块以及它们的位置。任何输出变量都是可选的。在具有同样值几个极值中，返回具有最小下标索引（以字母排列顺序定）的那一个。
5）cvCalcHist：计算图像image(s)像素点 的直方图
void cvCalcHist( IplImage** image, CvHistogram* hist,
int accumulate=0, const CvArr* mask=NULL );
image
输入图像s (虽然也可以使用 CvMat** )，这允许利用多个图像通道，对于多通道图像（如HSV或RGB），在调用函数cvCalcHist之前，先要用函数cvSplit()将图像分为单通道的。
hist
直方图指针
accumulate
累计标识。如果设置非0，则表示直方图在开始时没有被清零。注意，变量accumulate 允许cvCalcHist在一个数据采集循环中被多次调用。这个特征保证可以为多个图像计算一个单独的直方图，或者在线更新直方图。
mask
操作 mask, 确定输入图像的哪个象素被计数
函数 cvCalcHist 计算单通道或多通道图像的直方图。 用来增加直方块的数组元素可从相应输入图像的同样位置提取。
6）cvCompareHist：比较两个直方图的相似度
double cvCompareHist(const CvHistogram * hist1,
const CvHistogram * hist2, int method);
前两个参数是要比较的大小相同的直方图，第三个参数是所选择的距离标准。
可以看作cvSplit是他的宏：
#define cvCvtPixToPlane cvSplit void cvSplit( const CvArr* src, CvArr* dst0, CvArr* dst1,CvArr* dst2, CvArr* dst3 );
一般用法是cvCvtPixToPlane（IplImage * src,IplImage * dst1,IplImage *dst2,IplImage * dst3,IplImage *dst4) 第一个参数是源图像，后面是分离出来每个通道的目标图像，如果原图像是3通道的，可以把最后一个参数设置为空。例如cvCvtPixToPlane（IplImage * src,IplImage * dst1,IplImage *dst2,IplImage * dst3,NULL)，NULL也可以写为0.代码：
#include <cv.h>
#include <highgui.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <opencv2/legacy/legacy.hpp>
using namespace cv;
using namespace std;
CvHistogram * Create3DHistogram(const int dims, int bins);
void CreateSingleImage(IplImage * image_Src, IplImage **image_r, IplImage **image_g, IplImage **image_b);
void DrawHistogram(IplImage ** image_hist, const CvHistogram * histogram, int scaleValue);
int main()
{
const char * soutceFile_InDoor = "D:\\VC98\\C++项目\\opencv\\page244.2_\\page244.2_\\hand2.jpg";
const char * soutceFile_OutDoor = "D:\\VC98\\C++项目\\opencv\\page244.2_\\page244.2_\\hand3.jpg";
const char * soutceFile_OutDoorSun = "D:\\VC98\\C++项目\\opencv\\page244.2_\\page244.2_\\hand4.jpg";
IplImage * image_Source_Indoor = cvLoadImage(soutceFile_InDoor, CV_LOAD_IMAGE_UNCHANGED);
assert(image_Source_Indoor);
IplImage * image_Source_Outdoor = cvLoadImage(soutceFile_OutDoor, CV_LOAD_IMAGE_UNCHANGED);
assert(image_Source_Outdoor);
IplImage * image_Source_OutdoorSun = cvLoadImage(soutceFile_OutDoorSun, CV_LOAD_IMAGE_UNCHANGED);
assert(image_Source_OutdoorSun);
IplImage * image_r;
IplImage * image_g;
IplImage * image_b;
CvHistogram * histgram_3D_InDoor;
CvHistogram * histgram_3D_OutDoor;
CvHistogram * histgram_3D_OutDoorSun;
double histCompare;
const int dims = 3;//3维
int bin_N[] = { 2, 8, 16, 32, 256 };
size_t length_bin_N = sizeof(bin_N) / sizeof(bin_N[0]);//typedef _W64 unsigned int size_t;
for (size_t i = 0; i < length_bin_N; ++i)
{
//室内直方图
CreateSingleImage(image_Source_Indoor, &image_r, &image_g, &image_b);//创建一个3维直方图
//分割多通道数组成几个单通道数组或者从数组中提取一个通道
cvCvtPixToPlane(image_Source_Indoor, image_r, image_g, image_b, NULL);
IplImage *allImagePlane[3] = { image_r, image_g, image_b };//用一个数组来存放3个通道图像
histgram_3D_InDoor = Create3DHistogram(dims, bin_N[i]);//创建一个3维直方图
cvCalcHist(allImagePlane, histgram_3D_InDoor);//计算直方图的总像素点
cvNormalizeHist(histgram_3D_InDoor, 1.0);//归一化
cvReleaseImage(&image_r);
cvReleaseImage(&image_g);
cvReleaseImage(&image_b);
//室外直方图
CreateSingleImage(image_Source_Outdoor, &image_r, &image_g, &image_b);
cvCvtPixToPlane(image_Source_Outdoor, image_r, image_g, image_b, NULL);
allImagePlane[0] = image_r;
allImagePlane[1] = image_g;
allImagePlane[2] = image_b;
histgram_3D_OutDoor = Create3DHistogram(dims, bin_N[i]);
cvCalcHist(allImagePlane, histgram_3D_OutDoor);//计算直方图的总像素点
cvNormalizeHist(histgram_3D_OutDoor, 1.0);//归一化直方图
cvReleaseImage(&image_r);
cvReleaseImage(&image_g);
cvReleaseImage(&image_b);
//室外阳光直方图
CreateSingleImage(image_Source_OutdoorSun, &image_r, &image_g, &image_b);//这里复杂，要细看
//分割多通道数组成几个单通道数组或者从数组中提取一个通道
cvCvtPixToPlane(image_Source_OutdoorSun, image_r, image_g, image_b, NULL);
allImagePlane[0] = image_r;
allImagePlane[1] = image_g;
allImagePlane[2] = image_b;
histgram_3D_OutDoorSun = Create3DHistogram(dims, bin_N[i]);
cvCalcHist(allImagePlane, histgram_3D_OutDoorSun);
cvNormalizeHist(histgram_3D_OutDoorSun, 1.0);
cvReleaseImage(&image_r);
cvReleaseImage(&image_g);
cvReleaseImage(&image_b);
if (bin_N[i] == 8)
{
cvNamedWindow("bin等于8时的室内直方图", CV_WINDOW_AUTOSIZE);
cvNamedWindow("bin等于8时的室外直方图", CV_WINDOW_AUTOSIZE);
cvNamedWindow("bin等于8时的室外阳光直方图", CV_WINDOW_AUTOSIZE);
IplImage *histImage_Indoor;
IplImage *histImage_Outdoor;
IplImage *histImage_OutdoorSun;
DrawHistogram(&histImage_Indoor, histgram_3D_InDoor, 1000);
cvShowImage("bin等于8时的室内直方图", histImage_Indoor);
cvSaveImage("result1.jpg",histImage_Indoor);
cvReleaseImage(&histImage_Indoor);
DrawHistogram(&histImage_Outdoor, histgram_3D_OutDoor, 1000);
cvShowImage("bin等于8时的室外直方图", histImage_Outdoor);
cvSaveImage("result2.jpg",histImage_Outdoor);
cvReleaseImage(&histImage_Outdoor);
DrawHistogram(&histImage_OutdoorSun, histgram_3D_OutDoorSun, 1000);
cvShowImage("bin等于8时的室外阳光直方图", histImage_OutdoorSun);
cvSaveImage("result3.jpg",histImage_OutdoorSun);
cvReleaseImage(&histImage_OutdoorSun);
}
//输出匹配结果
cout << "-- bin为"<<bin_N[i]<<" -- " << endl;
cout << "===============================================================================" << endl;
cout << "CV_COMP_CORREL方法:数值越大越匹配，范围：完全匹配：1，完全不匹配：-1,无关联：0" << endl;
cout << "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------" << endl;
histCompare = cvCompareHist(histgram_3D_InDoor, histgram_3D_OutDoor, CV_COMP_CORREL);
cout << "InDoor与OutDoor ：" << histCompare << endl;
histCompare = cvCompareHist(histgram_3D_InDoor, histgram_3D_OutDoorSun, CV_COMP_CORREL);
cout << "InDoor与OutDoorSun ：" << histCompare << endl;
histCompare = cvCompareHist(histgram_3D_OutDoor, histgram_3D_OutDoorSun, CV_COMP_CORREL);
cout << "OutDoor与OutDoorSun：" << histCompare << endl;
cout << endl;
cout << "CV_COMP_CHISQR方法:数值越小越匹配，范围：0到无穷大" << endl;
cout << "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------" << endl;
histCompare = cvCompareHist(histgram_3D_InDoor, histgram_3D_OutDoor, CV_COMP_CHISQR);
cout << "InDoor与OutDoor ：" << histCompare << endl;
histCompare = cvCompareHist(histgram_3D_InDoor, histgram_3D_OutDoorSun, CV_COMP_CHISQR);
cout << "InDoor与OutDoorSun ：" << histCompare << endl;
histCompare = cvCompareHist(histgram_3D_OutDoor, histgram_3D_OutDoorSun, CV_COMP_CHISQR);
cout << "OutDoor与OutDoorSun：" << histCompare << endl;
cout << endl;
cout << "CV_COMP_INTERSECT方法:低分代表坏的匹配，范围：如果两个直方图都被归一化到1，则0~1" << endl;
cout << "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------" << endl;
histCompare = cvCompareHist(histgram_3D_InDoor, histgram_3D_OutDoor, CV_COMP_INTERSECT);
cout << "InDoor与OutDoor ：" << histCompare << endl;
histCompare = cvCompareHist(histgram_3D_InDoor, histgram_3D_OutDoorSun, CV_COMP_INTERSECT);
cout << "InDoor与OutDoorSun ：" << histCompare << endl;
histCompare = cvCompareHist(histgram_3D_OutDoor, histgram_3D_OutDoorSun, CV_COMP_INTERSECT);
cout << "OutDoor与OutDoorSun：" << histCompare << endl;
cout << endl;
cout << "CV_COMP_BHATTACHARYYA方法:低分代表好的匹配，范围：0~1" << endl;
cout << "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------" << endl;
histCompare = cvCompareHist(histgram_3D_InDoor, histgram_3D_OutDoor, CV_COMP_BHATTACHARYYA);
cout << "InDoor与OutDoor ：" << histCompare << endl;
histCompare = cvCompareHist(histgram_3D_InDoor, histgram_3D_OutDoorSun, CV_COMP_BHATTACHARYYA);
cout << "InDoor与OutDoorSun ：" << histCompare << endl;
histCompare = cvCompareHist(histgram_3D_OutDoor, histgram_3D_OutDoorSun, CV_COMP_BHATTACHARYYA);
cout << "OutDoor与OutDoorSun：" << histCompare << endl;
cout << endl;
cout << endl;
cout << endl;
cvReleaseHist(&histgram_3D_InDoor);
cvReleaseHist(&histgram_3D_OutDoor);
cvReleaseHist(&histgram_3D_OutDoorSun);
}
//system("pause");
cvWaitKey();
cvReleaseImage(&image_Source_Indoor);
cvReleaseImage(&image_Source_Outdoor);
cvReleaseImage(&image_Source_OutdoorSun);
cvDestroyAllWindows();
return 0;
}
CvHistogram * Create3DHistogram(const int dims, int bins)//创建一个3维直方图
{
int hist_sizes[] = { bins, bins, bins };
int hist_type = CV_HIST_ARRAY;
float r_range[] = { 0, 255 };
float g_range[] = { 0, 255 };
float b_range[] = { 0, 255 };
float *hist_ranges[] = { r_range, g_range, b_range };
return cvCreateHist(dims, hist_sizes, hist_type, hist_ranges, 1);
}
void CreateSingleImage(IplImage * image_Src, IplImage **image_r, IplImage **image_g, IplImage **image_b)
{
IplImage * image_temp = cvCreateImage(cvGetSize(image_Src), IPL_DEPTH_8U, 1);
//image_r = &image_temp;
//如果用上面这行这种方式，编译通过，但运行崩溃，本函数结束后image_r便被释放，
//因为image_temp只是一个指针变量，占用四个字节的局部变量，对它取地址即&image_temp只是这个局部指针变量的地址，函数结束后自然释放掉
//但是，将使用下面这行：将image_temp指针变量所保存的地址赋值给“*image_r”，这个地址是从cvCreateImagere中turn出来的，自然不会随函数结束而释放
*image_r = image_temp;
*image_g = cvCloneImage(image_temp);
*image_b = cvCloneImage(image_temp);
cvZero(*image_r);
cvZero(*image_g);
cvZero(*image_b);
}
//目前只实现绘制三维直方图
void DrawHistogram(IplImage ** image_hist, const CvHistogram * histogram,int scaleValue)
{
//直方图：横坐标表示各个bin，纵坐标表示各个bin归一化后的值
int hist_dims = histogram->mat.dims;
int bin_size1, bin_size2, bin_size3;
if (hist_dims == 3)
{
bin_size1 = histogram->mat.dim[0].size;
bin_size2 = histogram->mat.dim[1].size;
bin_size3 = histogram->mat.dim[2].size;
}
else
{
return;
}
int bin_count = bin_size1*bin_size2*bin_size3;
float max_temp;
cvGetMinMaxHistValue(histogram, NULL, &max_temp);
int max_value = (int)(max_temp*scaleValue) + 1;
CvSize hist_imageSize = cvSize(bin_count, max_value);
*image_hist = cvCreateImage(hist_imageSize, IPL_DEPTH_8U, 1);
(*image_hist)->origin = 1;
cvZero(*image_hist);
int x;
int value;
for (int r = 0; r < bin_size1; ++r)
{
for (int g = 0; g < bin_size2; ++g)
{
for (int b = 0; b < bin_size3; ++b)
{
x = r*(bin_size1*bin_size2) + g*bin_size2 + b;
value = (int)(cvQueryHistValue_3D(histogram, r, g, b)*scaleValue);
/* if (value == 0)
{
value = 10;
}*/
cvRectangle(*image_hist, cvPoint(x, 0), cvPoint(x, value), cvScalar(255));
}
}
}
}
效果：
使用三种光照条件下的手的图像，利用cvCalcHist来获得直方图
a、获得图像HSV三维直方图
b、匹配三种光照条件下的直方图，使用所有的匹配方法，测试bin的值为2, 8, 16, 32, 256的情况
输入3种光照条件（依次为由暗到亮）下手的图像是：
由于原图太大了，无法上传，我把它们截图了上传。
匹配结果：
输出的直方图为：
有几个注意事项：
①二维直方图bin的多少是各维度bin的乘积，以h和s二维直方图来说，如果h的bin的个数为30，s的bin的个数为32，则，二维直方图的bin的个数为30×32，访问的时候要使用cvQueryHistValue_2D。
②由于需要匹配“各种光线”下的直方图，所以，代码中将BGR图像转成了HSV图像 cvCvtColor(image_Source, image_HSV, CV_BGR2HSV);。
③书中Example 7-1统计的是HS直方图，即色调和饱和度，没有统计亮度，针对三种光线下的手的图像，如果统计亮度即V的直方图，三种环境下的匹配结果值肯定不匹配度很高。这点在230页有专门的讲解，为什么只选取HS两维而避开V维，是这个道理。
④为什么说是手的肤色直方图，从图7-6的表述来看，所谓肤色直方图即肤色所在图片的直方图，在英文版更看得出这个意思。
⑤一般情况下在对比直方图之前，都应该自行进行归一化操作，因为如果不归一化，像直方图相交等概念就没有任何意义（即使运行）。
（完）
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