继续用《用神经网络分类两条夹角为θ的直线》的办法分类两条直线
分类两条直线y=0,和y=x*tanθ,
(y=0,y=x*tanθ)—2*2*2—(1,0)(0,1)
这个角θ最小可以是多少?
用多次收敛取平均值的办法去测量θ的极小值。收敛标准有16个,每个收敛标准收敛199次,共尝试了θ从9到0.04共24个不同的值,一共收敛了24*16*199次。
得到的数据
θ | 10 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.04 |
δ | 迭代次数n | 迭代次数n | 迭代次数n | 迭代次数n | 迭代次数n | 迭代次数n | 迭代次数n | 迭代次数n | 迭代次数n | 迭代次数n | 迭代次数n | 迭代次数n | 迭代次数n | 迭代次数n | 迭代次数n | 迭代次数n | 迭代次数n | 迭代次数n | 迭代次数n | 迭代次数n | 迭代次数n | 迭代次数n | 迭代次数n | 迭代次数n | 迭代次数n |
0.5 | 195.3317 | 225.1256 | 230.8241 | 194.0603 | 260.1055 | 266.7538 | 256.6181 | 229.6633 | 267.9447 | 289.0704 | 266.7387 | 248.5327 | 280.6683 | 260.4322 | 234.9598 | 243.9296 | 269.809 | 261.4724 | 251.1106 | 270.0402 | 229.0402 | 256.1709 | 278.3668 | 291.3618 | 242.0503 |
0.4 | 13914.29 | 15650.57 | 17880.11 | 20209.6 | 24517.05 | 29278.5 | 36627.75 | 50957.44 | 77998.87 | 146102.9 | 173566.7 | 176639.8 | 189926.5 | 268967 | 323366.5 | 369113.9 | 420655.1 | 506942.3 | 2405873 | 2719082 | 2048413 | 2618378 | 4197245 | 5604986 | 4793757 |
0.3 | 15479.9 | 17332.98 | 19411.22 | 22473.04 | 27185.66 | 31413.58 | 41070.88 | 56023.05 | 83704.67 | 167101.1 | 184933.1 | 196349.9 | 215094.5 | 302524.9 | 354299.6 | 425524 | 478569.6 | 627099 | 2659858 | 2958164 | 2350955 | 2951109 | 4596583 | 6216997 | 5870306 |
0.2 | 16439.69 | 18223.97 | 20808.33 | 24174.77 | 28656.78 | 34997.63 | 43321.73 | 58718.62 | 89682.01 | 176946.5 | 196522.5 | 210620.7 | 236574.3 | 320900.7 | 401429.3 | 466824.3 | 531129.9 | 708706.7 | 2947430 | 3181111 | 2600654 | 3217961 | 4930519 | 6764221 | 6495452 |
0.1 | 17919.78 | 20062.16 | 22127.07 | 26230.42 | 30405.3 | 36263.06 | 46928.16 | 64122.4 | 96614.49 | 188302.3 | 215432.9 | 232926.9 | 259838.2 | 348587.1 | 417222 | 507597 | 572595 | 775833.8 | 3044634 | 3461076 | 2901890 | 3572008 | 5428360 | 7544252 | 7407801 |
0.01 | 22466.49 | 25275.75 | 27902.76 | 31928.63 | 37886.42 | 46846.11 | 57167.14 | 77672.2 | 115687.6 | 227748.1 | 263480.7 | 282903.4 | 318950.8 | 411941.7 | 508047.8 | 596253.1 | 643902.1 | 900253.2 | 3453155 | 3998794 | 3561226 | 4625189 | 6999017 | 9549422 | 1.10E+07 |
0.001 | 29045.94 | 32983.77 | 36326.36 | 40520.33 | 47857.63 | 57341.84 | 70818.73 | 94979.9 | 138107.1 | 274102.4 | 310804.6 | 335353.8 | 371230.4 | 473280.1 | 591728.4 | 654498.1 | 666656.9 | 949862.1 | 3706353 | 4318767 | 4046588 | 5247215 | 7728852 | 1.06E+07 | 1.22E+07 |
9.00E-04 | 29906.22 | 33366.44 | 36870.04 | 41179.77 | 47855.69 | 58431.72 | 71149.74 | 95579.46 | 139451.3 | 273893.8 | 314116.3 | 335751.5 | 379128.4 | 473682 | 587273.2 | 659923.1 | 666305.3 | 947896.2 | 3770298 | 4399940 | 4049285 | 5258015 | 7771985 | 1.06E+07 | 1.23E+07 |
8.00E-04 | 30505.62 | 33537.86 | 37364.13 | 42257.77 | 48099.17 | 58790.35 | 71160.06 | 97090.92 | 139448.4 | 281822.7 | 317464.8 | 340301.6 | 379438 | 482171 | 596464 | 669215.8 | 668917.3 | 951669.8 | 3743586 | 4333233 | 4065487 | 5250128 | 7753600 | 1.07E+07 | 1.24E+07 |
7.00E-04 | 30878.16 | 34642.3 | 37722.57 | 42657.75 | 49542.59 | 59781.34 | 73130.08 | 98491.56 | 141650.7 | 278769.2 | 320831.5 | 342315.5 | 379415.5 | 488048.1 | 598162.9 | 670672.5 | 672734.9 | 955540.8 | 3751633 | 4316054 | 4088694 | 5266705 | 7786100 | 1.07E+07 | 1.24E+07 |
6.00E-04 | 31735.77 | 35227.77 | 39393.62 | 43468.07 | 50670.44 | 60220.19 | 74846.17 | 98957.79 | 145869.6 | 280527.3 | 327816.6 | 346098.4 | 388231.7 | 491714.9 | 600249.3 | 669617.7 | 674191.6 | 957925.8 | 3773483 | 4346545 | 4109088 | 5288656 | 7937419 | 1.07E+07 | 1.25E+07 |
5.00E-04 | 32248.65 | 35900.43 | 39572.38 | 44431.86 | 51824.84 | 61375.43 | 75278.8 | 100319.9 | 146817.3 | 285198.8 | 327349.8 | 350935.4 | 388693.3 | 490760.5 | 608293.4 | 675595.2 | 709016.2 | 964057.8 | 3793037 | 4328763 | 4118079 | 5286847 | 7942442 | 1.08E+07 | 1.26E+07 |
4.00E-04 | 33464.13 | 37038.02 | 40763.43 | 45555.65 | 52685.73 | 63106.96 | 78705.99 | 101974 | 151146.5 | 290272.2 | 336662.4 | 356670.8 | 402343.9 | 509597.2 | 614457.4 | 692573.3 | 843940.2 | 966219 | 3836588 | 4353527 | 4136816 | 5314274 | 7984687 | 1.08E+07 | 1.27E+07 |
3.00E-04 | 34532.6 | 38848.82 | 42820.11 | 47207.83 | 55192.5 | 65049.65 | 80288.21 | 106443.1 | 152591.6 | 297656.1 | 345275.3 | 363816.7 | 410187.4 | 517031.4 | 623548.3 | 693778.8 | 893810.7 | 970565.6 | 3794636 | 4378692 | 4176950 | 5431542 | 8054188 | 1.08E+07 | 1.28E+07 |
2.00E-04 | 37157.44 | 41191.23 | 44549.33 | 49365.92 | 58211.46 | 68042.21 | 83957.31 | 110683.5 | 159184.3 | 305492.2 | 355278.5 | 375129.8 | 420971.9 | 533858.9 | 653484.1 | 719698.1 | 915560.8 | 981738.1 | 3855110 | 4505024 | 4219496 | 5479412 | 8086637 | 1.08E+07 | 1.30E+07 |
1.00E-04 | 40897.64 | 44706.82 | 49418.51 | 53947.74 | 62068.7 | 74072.9 | 91026.79 | 118315 | 171038.4 | 322420.1 | 372499.6 | 393522.3 | 444940.8 | 565152.9 | 660316.6 | 771687.4 | 955946.7 | 997062.7 | 3887811 | 4585959 | 4277563 | 5558074 | 8128276 | 1.10E+07 | 1.33E+07 |
0.5 | 0.675724 | 0.778792 | 0.798505 | 0.671326 | 0.8998 | 0.922799 | 0.887736 | 0.794489 | 0.926919 | 1 | 0.922747 | 0.859765 | 0.970934 | 0.90093 | 0.812812 | 0.843842 | 0.933368 | 0.904528 | 0.868683 | 0.934168 | 0.792334 | 0.886189 | 0.962973 | 1.007927 | 0.83734 |
0.4 | 0.095236 | 0.10712 | 0.12238 | 0.138324 | 0.167807 | 0.200396 | 0.250698 | 0.348778 | 0.533862 | 1 | 1.187976 | 1.209009 | 1.29995 | 1.840942 | 2.213279 | 2.526396 | 2.879169 | 3.469761 | 16.46698 | 18.61073 | 14.02034 | 17.92146 | 28.728 | 38.36326 | 32.81082 |
0.3 | 0.092638 | 0.103727 | 0.116165 | 0.134488 | 0.16269 | 0.187991 | 0.245785 | 0.335264 | 0.500922 | 1 | 1.106714 | 1.175036 | 1.287212 | 1.81043 | 2.120271 | 2.546506 | 2.863952 | 3.752812 | 15.91766 | 17.70284 | 14.06906 | 17.66062 | 27.50779 | 37.205 | 35.13026 |
0.2 | 0.092908 | 0.102991 | 0.117597 | 0.136622 | 0.161952 | 0.197787 | 0.24483 | 0.331844 | 0.506831 | 1 | 1.110633 | 1.190307 | 1.336983 | 1.813547 | 2.268648 | 2.638224 | 3.001642 | 4.005204 | 16.65719 | 17.97781 | 14.69741 | 18.18607 | 27.86447 | 38.2275 | 36.70857 |
0.1 | 0.095165 | 0.106542 | 0.117508 | 0.1393 | 0.161471 | 0.192579 | 0.249217 | 0.340529 | 0.513082 | 1 | 1.14408 | 1.236984 | 1.3799 | 1.85121 | 2.215704 | 2.69565 | 3.040829 | 4.120151 | 16.16886 | 18.38043 | 15.41081 | 18.96954 | 28.82791 | 40.06458 | 39.33994 |
0.01 | 0.098646 | 0.110981 | 0.122516 | 0.140193 | 0.166352 | 0.205693 | 0.25101 | 0.341044 | 0.507963 | 1 | 1.156895 | 1.242177 | 1.400454 | 1.80876 | 2.230744 | 2.618038 | 2.827256 | 3.952846 | 15.16217 | 17.55797 | 15.63669 | 20.30835 | 30.73139 | 41.92975 | 48.18644 |
0.001 | 0.105968 | 0.120334 | 0.132528 | 0.147829 | 0.174598 | 0.209199 | 0.258366 | 0.346513 | 0.503852 | 1 | 1.1339 | 1.223462 | 1.354349 | 1.726655 | 2.158786 | 2.387787 | 2.432146 | 3.465355 | 13.52179 | 15.75604 | 14.76305 | 19.14327 | 28.19695 | 38.73537 | 44.68858 |
9.00E-04 | 0.109189 | 0.121823 | 0.134614 | 0.150349 | 0.174724 | 0.213337 | 0.259771 | 0.348965 | 0.509144 | 1 | 1.146854 | 1.225845 | 1.384217 | 1.729436 | 2.144164 | 2.409412 | 2.432714 | 3.460816 | 13.76555 | 16.0644 | 14.78414 | 19.19727 | 28.37591 | 38.5603 | 44.86755 |
8.00E-04 | 0.108244 | 0.119003 | 0.13258 | 0.149945 | 0.170672 | 0.208608 | 0.252499 | 0.344511 | 0.494809 | 1 | 1.12647 | 1.207502 | 1.346371 | 1.710902 | 2.116451 | 2.374599 | 2.373539 | 3.376839 | 13.28348 | 15.37574 | 14.42569 | 18.62919 | 27.51233 | 38.08589 | 43.86378 |
7.00E-04 | 0.110766 | 0.124269 | 0.135318 | 0.153022 | 0.177719 | 0.214447 | 0.262332 | 0.353309 | 0.508129 | 1 | 1.150886 | 1.227953 | 1.361038 | 1.750724 | 2.145728 | 2.405834 | 2.413232 | 3.427713 | 13.45784 | 15.48253 | 14.66695 | 18.8927 | 27.93027 | 38.50134 | 44.61283 |
6.00E-04 | 0.113129 | 0.125577 | 0.140427 | 0.154951 | 0.180626 | 0.214668 | 0.266805 | 0.352756 | 0.519984 | 1 | 1.168573 | 1.233742 | 1.383936 | 1.752824 | 2.139718 | 2.386996 | 2.403301 | 3.414733 | 13.45139 | 15.49419 | 14.64773 | 18.85255 | 28.29464 | 38.31549 | 44.58581 |
5.00E-04 | 0.113074 | 0.125879 | 0.138754 | 0.155793 | 0.181715 | 0.215202 | 0.263952 | 0.351754 | 0.514789 | 1 | 1.147795 | 1.230494 | 1.362885 | 1.720766 | 2.132875 | 2.368857 | 2.486042 | 3.380301 | 13.29963 | 15.17805 | 14.43933 | 18.53741 | 27.84879 | 37.74883 | 44.17618 |
4.00E-04 | 0.115285 | 0.127598 | 0.140432 | 0.156941 | 0.181505 | 0.217406 | 0.271146 | 0.351305 | 0.520706 | 1 | 1.159816 | 1.228746 | 1.386092 | 1.755584 | 2.116832 | 2.385945 | 2.90741 | 3.328666 | 13.21721 | 14.99809 | 14.25151 | 18.3079 | 27.50759 | 37.1753 | 43.77628 |
3.00E-04 | 0.116015 | 0.130516 | 0.143858 | 0.158599 | 0.185424 | 0.21854 | 0.269735 | 0.357604 | 0.512644 | 1 | 1.159981 | 1.222272 | 1.378058 | 1.737009 | 2.094861 | 2.330806 | 3.00283 | 3.260694 | 12.74839 | 14.71057 | 14.0328 | 18.24771 | 27.0587 | 36.24465 | 43.16978 |
2.00E-04 | 0.121631 | 0.134836 | 0.145828 | 0.161595 | 0.19055 | 0.22273 | 0.274826 | 0.362312 | 0.521075 | 1 | 1.162971 | 1.227952 | 1.378012 | 1.747537 | 2.139119 | 2.355864 | 2.997002 | 3.213627 | 12.61934 | 14.74677 | 13.81212 | 17.93634 | 26.47085 | 35.30276 | 42.54276 |
1.00E-04 | 0.126846 | 0.13866 | 0.153274 | 0.167321 | 0.192509 | 0.22974 | 0.282324 | 0.366959 | 0.530483 | 1 | 1.155324 | 1.220526 | 1.380003 | 1.752846 | 2.048001 | 2.393422 | 2.96491 | 3.092433 | 12.05821 | 14.22355 | 13.26705 | 17.23861 | 25.2102 | 34.05152 | 41.16793 |
average(0.4:1e-4) | 0.107649 | 0.11999 | 0.132919 | 0.149685 | 0.175354 | 0.209888 | 0.26022 | 0.348897 | 0.513218 | 1 | 1.147924 | 1.220134 | 1.361297 | 1.767278 | 2.152345 | 2.454956 | 2.735065 | 3.514797 | 14.11971 | 16.15065 | 14.46165 | 18.53527 | 27.87105 | 37.90077 | 41.97517 |
1/θ | 0.1 | 0.111111 | 0.125 | 0.142857 | 0.166667 | 0.2 | 0.25 | 0.333333 | 0.5 | 1 | 1.111111 | 1.25 | 1.428571 | 1.666667 | 2 | 2.5 | 3.333333 | 5 | 10 | 11.11111 | 12.5 | 14.28571 | 16.66667 | 20 | 25 |
迭代次数随着角度θ的减小而逐渐增加
假设1:完全相同的两个对象无法被分成两类,与之对应的分类迭代次数为无穷大,分类准确率是50%,50%。相等收敛标准下迭代次数越大表明二者差异越小。
这一现象可以用假设1解释,因为θ减小将导致两条直线趋近重合,并导致差异减小,从而迭代次数增加。
另外发现迭代次数在0.4<=θ<=10内有一个非常明显的规律
角θ的迭代次数与当θ=1时的迭代次数的比约为1/θ。
比如当θ=0.6,收敛标准=1e-4时,n0.6的迭代次数实测为565152,用公式估算=322420/0.6=537366误差约为5%。
再观察分类准确率的数据
10 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.04 | |
δ | 平均准确率p-ave | 平均准确率p-ave | 平均准确率p-ave | 平均准确率p-ave | 平均准确率p-ave | 平均准确率p-ave | 平均准确率p-ave | 平均准确率p-ave | 平均准确率p-ave | 平均准确率p-ave | 平均准确率p-ave | 平均准确率p-ave | 平均准确率p-ave | 平均准确率p-ave | 平均准确率p-ave | 平均准确率p-ave | 平均准确率p-ave | 平均准确率p-ave | 平均准确率p-ave | 平均准确率p-ave | 平均准确率p-ave | 平均准确率p-ave | 平均准确率p-ave | 平均准确率p-ave | 平均准确率p-ave |
0.5 | 0.501347 | 0.500349 | 0.5 | 0.500465 | 0.500181 | 0.500008 | 0.500186 | 0.499902 | 0.500088 | 0.500058 | 0.500417 | 0.500093 | 0.499915 | 0.500043 | 0.500362 | 0.499809 | 0.500028 | 0.499759 | 0.500166 | 0.500101 | 0.499957 | 0.500158 | 0.499889 | 0.50005 | 0.500043 |
0.4 | 0.965457 | 0.967872 | 0.977319 | 0.965643 | 0.962161 | 0.924279 | 0.849533 | 0.654043 | 0.620018 | 0.529583 | 0.534296 | 0.53143 | 0.515324 | 0.510666 | 0.500274 | 0.500503 | 0.51903 | 0.506133 | 0.495249 | 0.499899 | 0.49605 | 0.486945 | 0.5 | 0.497138 | 0.505809 |
0.3 | 0.979269 | 0.979417 | 0.984598 | 0.974613 | 0.981173 | 0.97992 | 0.976807 | 0.931113 | 0.772146 | 0.547513 | 0.513965 | 0.530126 | 0.516329 | 0.515837 | 0.502889 | 0.506289 | 0.519357 | 0.5105 | 0.499106 | 0.5 | 0.498055 | 0.489545 | 0.504015 | 0.5 | 0.503229 |
0.2 | 0.98297 | 0.986837 | 0.989935 | 0.979264 | 0.98855 | 0.985882 | 0.977925 | 0.982726 | 0.97196 | 0.645862 | 0.530299 | 0.559523 | 0.512407 | 0.563915 | 0.50843 | 0.513314 | 0.527407 | 0.525181 | 0.514977 | 0.501131 | 0.497 | 0.4995 | 0.5095 | 0.497 | 0.504304 |
0.1 | 0.986819 | 0.991279 | 0.99349 | 0.983701 | 0.991153 | 0.990673 | 0.986299 | 0.986138 | 0.979013 | 0.921229 | 0.929317 | 0.889746 | 0.790874 | 0.971769 | 0.520312 | 0.793568 | 0.5 | 0.940548 | 0.4985 | 0.4995 | 0.503852 | 0.5 | 0.511005 | 0.504497 | 0.516148 |
0.01 | 0.994842 | 0.995472 | 0.996307 | 0.99146 | 0.995342 | 0.995211 | 0.994942 | 0.992905 | 0.989357 | 0.994261 | 0.99459 | 0.992812 | 0.992616 | 0.987146 | 0.997487 | 0.997111 | 0.511955 | 0.541201 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.500658 | 0.874975 | 0.508 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
0.001 | 0.995392 | 0.998774 | 0.997809 | 0.992874 | 0.996284 | 0.996626 | 0.996575 | 0.993472 | 0.99002 | 0.997613 | 0.994103 | 0.995118 | 0.995784 | 0.996 | 0.99449 | 0.9985 | 0.508003 | 0.5 | 0.988 | 0.5 | 0.501281 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5025 | 0.5 |
9.00E-04 | 0.995389 | 0.99843 | 0.99791 | 0.992389 | 0.996776 | 0.996671 | 0.99693 | 0.993018 | 0.990379 | 0.998018 | 0.994038 | 0.995043 | 0.995731 | 0.996 | 0.994515 | 0.9985 | 0.507741 | 0.5 | 0.988 | 0.5 | 0.501274 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5025 | 0.5 |
8.00E-04 | 0.995324 | 0.99853 | 0.997563 | 0.993065 | 0.997299 | 0.996771 | 0.997163 | 0.993183 | 0.990204 | 0.99846 | 0.994143 | 0.995349 | 0.995467 | 0.996 | 0.994073 | 0.9985 | 0.507603 | 0.5 | 0.91201 | 0.5 | 0.5015 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
7.00E-04 | 0.99553 | 0.998462 | 0.997814 | 0.993568 | 0.997216 | 0.996621 | 0.997503 | 0.993161 | 0.990754 | 0.999171 | 0.994422 | 0.995337 | 0.995116 | 0.996 | 0.994158 | 0.998646 | 0.50748 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5015 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
6.00E-04 | 0.995701 | 0.998153 | 0.997477 | 0.993611 | 0.997038 | 0.996734 | 0.997163 | 0.993317 | 0.991601 | 0.999329 | 0.994794 | 0.99507 | 0.994882 | 0.996 | 0.994264 | 0.999153 | 0.507442 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5015 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
5.00E-04 | 0.995807 | 0.998377 | 0.997364 | 0.992163 | 0.996402 | 0.996794 | 0.997319 | 0.993678 | 0.991779 | 0.9995 | 0.995254 | 0.995191 | 0.99497 | 0.996 | 0.993719 | 0.9995 | 0.581188 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5015 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
4.00E-04 | 0.996681 | 0.998332 | 0.997437 | 0.99199 | 0.996595 | 0.996812 | 0.997384 | 0.994161 | 0.992859 | 0.9995 | 0.995364 | 0.995035 | 0.995274 | 0.996 | 0.993882 | 0.9995 | 0.905487 | 0.5 | 0.507236 | 0.5 | 0.500691 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
3.00E-04 | 0.996693 | 0.998889 | 0.99749 | 0.991543 | 0.996111 | 0.996399 | 0.99751 | 0.993445 | 0.992739 | 0.9995 | 0.995638 | 0.994972 | 0.996121 | 0.996 | 0.993704 | 0.999643 | 0.9965 | 0.5 | 0.961063 | 0.5 | 0.5005 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
2.00E-04 | 0.997003 | 0.999332 | 0.998131 | 0.99245 | 0.996814 | 0.996565 | 0.997631 | 0.993932 | 0.993583 | 0.9995 | 0.995653 | 0.994324 | 0.997023 | 0.996 | 0.994352 | 1 | 0.996573 | 0.501005 | 0.981779 | 0.5 | 0.5005 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
1.00E-04 | 0.996279 | 0.998724 | 0.99858 | 0.993922 | 0.997259 | 0.997435 | 0.997844 | 0.994296 | 0.994786 | 0.9995 | 0.995111 | 0.99446 | 0.996342 | 0.9965 | 0.996186 | 1 | 0.997 | 0.506156 | 0.9845 | 0.5 | 0.5005 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.502025 |
在0.3<=θ<=10这个区间,可以明显的观察到pave有上升的趋势,分类准确率很高,接近100%。但当θ<0.3以后pave急剧下降,到接近50%。也就是当θ<0.3以后虽然网络仍然可以收敛但已经不能有效分类。
也就是用映射法分类两条直线,θ最小值约为0.3度。