线程安全的单例模式

1、饿汉式单例

public class Singleton {
   private final static Singleton INSTANCE = new Singleton();
   private Singleton() { }
   public static Singleton getInstance() {
      return INSTANCE;
   }
}

2、借助内部类

属于懒汉式单例，因为Java机制规定，内部类SingletonHolder只有在getInstance()方法第一次调用的时候才会被加载（实现了lazy），而且其加载过程是线程安全的。内部类加载的时候实例化一次instance。

public class Singleton {
   private Singleton() { }
   private static class SingletonHolder {
      private final static Singleton INSTANCE = new Singleton();
   }
   public static Singleton getInstance() {
      return SingletonHolder.INSTANCE;
   }
}

3、普通加锁解决

public class Singleton {
   private static Singleton instance = null;
   private Singleton() { }
   public static synchronized Singleton getInstance() {
      if(instance == null) {
         instance = new Singleton();
      }
      return instance;
   }
}

虽然解决了线程安全问题，但是每个线程调用getInstance都要加锁，我们想要只在第一次调用getInstance时加锁，请看下面的双重检测方案

4、双重检测，但要注意写法

public class Singleton {
   private static Singleton instance = null;
   private Singleton() { }
   public static Singleton getInstance() {
      if(instance == null) {
         synchronzied(Singleton.class) {
            Singleton temp = instance;
            if(temp == null) {
               temp = new Singleton();
               instance = temp
            }
         }
      }
      return instance;
   }
}
由于指令重排序问题，所以不可以直接写成下面这样：
public class Singleton {
   private static Singleton instance = null;
   private Singleton() { }
   public static Singleton getInstance() {
      if(instance == null) {
         synchronzied(Singleton.class) {
            if(instance == null) {
               instance = new Singleton();
            }
         }
      }
      return instance;
   }
}
但是如果instance实例变量用volatile修饰就可以了，volatile修饰的话就可以确保instance = new Singleton();对应的指令不会重排序，如下的单例代码也是线程安全的：
public class Singleton {
   private static volatile Singleton instance = null;
   private Singleton() { }
   public static Singleton getInstance() {
      if(instance == null) {
         synchronzied(Singleton.class) {
            if(instance == null) {
               instance = new Singleton();
            }
         }
      }
      return instance;
   }
}