python小程序之学习tkiner

今天课堂上是我们学校恢复线下上课的第一节python课,结束了python画笔的学习,开启了新的库tkinter窗口库的学习。这篇博客会介绍如何创建window窗口、组件optionMenu

我们先介绍,Tkinter 是一个python模块,是一个调用Tcl/Tk的接口,它是一个跨平台的脚本图形界面接口。Tkinter不是唯一的python图形编程接口,但是是 其中比较流行的一个。最大的特点是跨平台,缺点是性能不太好,执行速度慢。Tkinter是个窗口GUI,应该是系统的主窗口。

首先我们想要创建一个简易的window窗口,先看看实现效果。

 需要4行代码就可以实现

大家需要记住一下设置窗口的基本格式。

之后我们学习tkinter中一个简单的组件optionMenu

OptionMenu(选择菜单)事实上是下拉菜单的改版,它的发明弥补了 Listbox 组件无法实现下拉列表框的遗憾。

用法

创建一个选择菜单非常简单,只需要它一个 Tkinter 变量(用于记录用户选择了什么)以及若干选项即可:

from tkinter import *
def ok():
    print('value is',v.get())
    root.quit()
root=Tk()
root.geometry('300x300+280+280')
v=StringVar(root)
v.set('Python')

om=OptionMenu(root,v,'Python','PHP','CPP','C','Java','JavaScript','VBScript')
om.pack()
button=Button(root,text='OK',command=ok)
button.pack()
root.mainloop()

运行出来就是:

Abstract Describes the Tkinter widget set for constructing graphical user interfaces (GUIs) in the Python programming language. This publication is available in Web form1 and also as a PDF document2. Please forward any comments to tcc-doc@nmt.edu. Table of Contents 1. What is Tkinter?.......................................................................................................................3 2. A minimal application..............................................................................................................3 3. Definitions..............................................................................................................................4 4. Layout management.................................................................................................................5 4.1. The .grid() method....................................................................................................5 4.2. Other grid management methods...................................................................................6 4.3. Configuring column and row sizes.................................................................................7 4.4. Making the root window resizeable................................................................................8 5. Standard attributes...................................................................................................................8 5.1. Dimensions...................................................................................................................9 5.2. The coordinate system...................................................................................................9 5.3. Colors...........................................................................................................................9 5.4. Type fonts...................................................................................................................10 5.5. Anchors......................................................................................................................11 5.6. Relief styles.................................................................................................................12 5.7. Bitmaps.......................................................................................................................12 5.8. Cursors.......................................................................................................................12 5.9. Images........................................................................................................................14 5.10. Geometry strings........................................................................................................14 5.11. Window names...........................................................................................................15 5.12. Cap and join styles.....................................................................................................15 5.13. Dash patterns.............................................................................................................16 5.14. Matching stipple patterns............................................................................................16 6. The Button widget................................................................................................................17 7. The Canvas widget................................................................................................................19 7.1. Canvas coordinates......................................................................................................20 7.2. The Canvas display list................................................................................................20 7.3. Canvas object IDs........................................................................................................21 7.4. Canvas tags................................................................................................................21 1http://www.nmt.edu/tcc/help/pubs/tkinter/ 2http://www.nmt.edu/tcc/help/pubs/tkinter/tkinter.pdf 1 Tkinter reference New Mexico Tech Computer Center 7.5. CanvastagOrId arguments......................................................................................21 7.6. Methods on Canvas widgets........................................................................................21 7.7. Canvas arc objects.......................................................................................................26 7.8. Canvas bitmap objects.................................................................................................28 7.9. Canvas image objects..................................................................................................29 7.10. Canvas line objects.....................................................................................................29 7.11. Canvas oval objects....................................................................................................31 7.12. Canvas polygon objects..............................................................................................32 7.13. Canvas rectangle objects.............................................................................................34 7.14. Canvas text objects.....................................................................................................35 7.15. Canvas window objects..............................................................................................36 8. The Checkbutton widget......................................................................................................37 9. The Entry widget..................................................................................................................40 9.1. Scrolling an Entry widget............................................................................................43 10. The Frame widget................................................................................................................43 11. The Label widget................................................................................................................44 12. The LabelFrame widget......................................................................................................46 13. The Listbox widget............................................................................................................48 13.1. Scrolling a Listbox widget........................................................................................52 14. The Menu widget..................................................................................................................52 14.1. Menu item creation (coption) options.........................................................................55 14.2. Top-level menus.........................................................................................................56 15. The Menubutton widget......................................................................................................57 16. The Message widget............................................................................................................59 17. The OptionMenu widget.......................................................................................................60 18. The PanedWindow widget....................................................................................................61 18.1. PanedWindow child configuration options...................................................................63 19. The Radiobutton widget....................................................................................................64 20. The Scale widget................................................................................................................67 21. The Scrollbar widget........................................................................................................70 21.1. The Scrollbarcommand callback............................................................................72 21.2. Connecting a Scrollbar to another widget................................................................73 22. The Spinbox widget............................................................................................................73 23. The Text widget..................................................................................................................78 23.1. Text widget indices...................................................................................................80 23.2. Text widget marks....................................................................................................81 23.3. Text widget images...................................................................................................82 23.4. Text widget windows...............................................................................................82 23.5. Text widget tags.......................................................................................................82 23.6. Setting tabs in a Text widget......................................................................................83 23.7. The Text widget undo/redo stack..............................................................................83 23.8. Methods on Text widgets..........................................................................................84 24. Toplevel: Top-level window methods..................................................................................91 25. Universal widget methods.....................................................................................................93 26. Standardizing appearance...................................................................................................101 26.1. How to name a widget class......................................................................................102 26.2. How to name a widget instance.................................................................................102 26.3. Resource specification lines.......................................................................................102 26.4. Rules for resource matching......................................................................................103 27. Connecting your application logic to the widgets...................................................................104 28. Control variables: the values behind the widgets...................................................................104 29. Focus: routing keyboard input.............................................................................................106 New Mexico Tech Computer Center Tkinter reference 2 30. Events................................................................................................................................107 30.1. Levels of binding......................................................................................................108 30.2. Event sequences.......................................................................................................109 30.3. Event types..............................................................................................................109 30.4. Event modifiers........................................................................................................110 30.5. Key names...............................................................................................................111 30.6. Writing your handler: The Event class......................................................................113 30.7. The extra arguments trick..........................................................................................115 30.8. Virtual events...........................................................................................................116 31. Pop-up dialogs....................................................................................................................116 31.1. The tkMessageBox dialogs module..........................................................................116 31.2. The tkFileDialog module.....................................................................................118 31.3. The tkColorChooser module.................................................................................119
这是一个VB6的IDE插件(Addin),使用VB6的IDE直接设计Python的界面。 Python和VB都是能让人快乐的编程语言,我使用了Python之后,很多自己使用的工具都使用Python开发或改写了,因为最终实现的Python代码实在太短了(相比VB),有时候Python一行代码就可以实现VB一个函数的功能。 Python就是这种让人越用越开心的语言。 不过说实在,使用Python开发GUI界面还是麻烦了一些了,自带的标准库Tkinter使用起来非常简单,不过对于习惯了VB拖放控件完成界面设计的同学来说,还是不够人性化。TK也有一个工具叫GUI Builder,不过它使用Layout布局,不够直观,而且界面简陋,用起来也不爽。 至于PyQt/wxPython等GUI库,尽管有可视化设计工具,但总感觉做一般的轻量级应用是杀鸡用牛刀,学习起来也比较复杂,而且不够环保,不够低碳,要带一个很大的库,需要目标机器上夜同样安装了PyQt/wxPython,做不了绿色软件。 所以最终的结果是我更喜欢Tkinter,用起来很简单,绿色环保,真正的跨平台,一个py文件到处运行(担心泄密就编译成pyc)。 很多人都认为TK的界面不够美观,不过导入Python自带的标准TTK主题库,界面非常Native,不输PyQt/wxPython。 此Addin默认启用TTK支持,也可选择关闭。 总而言之,轻量级GUI,TK+TTK足够。 使用此Addin,你可以不用写一句代码就可以生成一个完整可运行的Python的GUI界面,支持python 2.X和3.X。 安装方法:将压缩包解压到你希望的目录,然后执行Setup.exe完成注册插件过程,打开VB6就可以用了。 在VB窗体上设计完成界面后(你可以大胆的设置各控件的属性,Addin尽量将其翻译为tkinter的控件属性),点工具栏上的VisualTkinter(图标为一片橙红色羽毛),再点'生成代码'按钮,即可生成可运行的Python代码,可以拷贝至剪贴板或保存至文件。 一般情况下你可以不用再改变tkinter的控件属性,但是如果你熟悉tkinter,需要更多的控制,可以一一核对各属性,并且修改,再生成代码。 除了用来设计界面外,此ADDIN内置的各控件属性列表可以做为编程参考,比较完整,除了极少数我认为大多数人都不用的属性外,属性定义基本上是我从官方的tkinter文档直接翻译的。 如果还没有VB6,网上找一个VB6精简版即可(建议使用12M的版本,6M的版本也可以使用,不过工具栏图标无法显示,可以通过菜单执行此插件)。 经过网友测试,完美支持WinXP,Windows 7, Windows 8。
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