序言
都2023年下旬了，网上的解一元二次方程步骤居然还是（令我这个七年级学生）太复杂（抽象），基本上都是文字，算式演示很少。
所以，苦研了2.5h的我就来写一篇（至少七年级学生）“可以看得懂”的一元二次方程求解过程。
正文
解方程全过程
a ⋅ x 2 + b ⋅ x + c = 0 a ⋅ x 2 + b ⋅ x = − c x 2 + b a ⋅ x = − c a x 2 + b a ⋅ x + ( b 2 ⋅ a ) 2 = − c a + ( b 2 ⋅ a ) 2 ( x + b 2 ⋅ a ) 2 = b 2 − 4 ⋅ a ⋅ c 4 ⋅ a 2 x + b 2 ⋅ a = ± b 2 − 4 ⋅ a ⋅ c 4 ⋅ a 2 x = ± b 2 − 4 ⋅ a ⋅ c 4 ⋅ a 2 − b 2 ⋅ a x = ± b 2 − 4 ⋅ a ⋅ c − b 2 ⋅ a \begin{aligned} a \cdot x^2+b \cdot x + c &= 0\\ a \cdot x^2 + b \cdot x &= -c\\ x^2 + \frac{b}{a} \cdot x &= - \frac{c}{a}\\ x^2 + \frac{b}{a} \cdot x + (\frac{b}{2 \cdot a})^2 &= - \frac{c}{a} + (\frac{b}{2 \cdot a})^2\\ (x + \frac{b}{2 \cdot a})^2 &= \frac{b^2 - 4 \cdot a \cdot c}{4 \cdot a^2}\\ x + \frac{b}{2 \cdot a} &= \pm \sqrt{\frac{b^2 - 4 \cdot a \cdot c}{4 \cdot a^2}}\\ x &= \pm \sqrt{\frac{b^2 - 4 \cdot a \cdot c}{4 \cdot a^2}} - \frac{b}{2 \cdot a}\\ x &= \frac{\pm \sqrt{b^2 - 4 \cdot a \cdot c} - b}{2 \cdot a}\\ \end{aligned} a⋅x2+b⋅x+ca⋅x2+b⋅xx2+ab⋅xx2+ab⋅x+(2⋅ab)2(x+2⋅ab)2x+2⋅abxx=0=−c=−ac=−ac+(2⋅ab)2=4⋅a2b2−4⋅a⋅c=±4⋅a2b2−4⋅a⋅c=±4⋅a2b2−4⋅a⋅c−2⋅ab=2⋅a±b2−4⋅a⋅c−b
详解
-
首先，一切一元二次方程都可以写成这个通项（ a ≠ 0 a \neq 0 a=0，不然就不是一元二次方程了）
a x 2 + b x + c = 0 \begin{aligned} ax^2 + bx + c &= 0\\ \end{aligned} ax2+bx+c=0
接下来，就是解方程了。
-
将唯一一个常数项移到等号右边（等式的基本性质一）
a ⋅ x 2 + b ⋅ x + c = 0 a ⋅ x 2 + b ⋅ x + c − c = 0 − c a ⋅ x 2 + b ⋅ x = − c \begin{aligned} a \cdot x^2+b \cdot x + c &= 0\\ a \cdot x^2+b \cdot x + c -c &= 0 - c\\ a \cdot x^2 + b \cdot x &= -c\\ \end{aligned} a⋅x2+b⋅x+ca⋅x2+b⋅x+c−ca⋅x2+b⋅x=0=0−c=−c
-
将二次项的系数化为一，方便后续凑出 a 2 + 2 ⋅ a ⋅ b + b 2 a^2 + 2 \cdot a \cdot b + b^2 a2+2⋅a⋅b+b2的形式以化简为完全平方式（等式的基本性质二）
a ⋅ x 2 + b ⋅ x = − c ( a ⋅ x 2 + b ⋅ x ) ÷ a = − c ÷ a x 2 + b a ⋅ x = − c a \begin{aligned} a \cdot x^2 + b \cdot x &= -c\\ (a \cdot x^2 + b \cdot x ) \div a &= -c \div a\\ x^2 + \frac{b}{a} \cdot x &= - \frac{c}{a}\\ \end{aligned} a⋅x2+b⋅x(a⋅x2+b⋅x)÷ax2+ab⋅x=−c=−c÷a=−ac
-
将等式左边补（凑）成 a 2 + 2 ⋅ a ⋅ b + b 2 a^2 + 2 \cdot a \cdot b + b^2 a2+2⋅a⋅b+b2的形式（等式的基本性质一）
x 2 + b a ⋅ x = − c a x 2 + b a ⋅ x + ( b 2 ⋅ a ) 2 = − c a + ( b 2 ⋅ a ) 2 \begin{aligned} x^2 + \frac{b}{a} \cdot x &= - \frac{c}{a}\\ x^2 + \frac{b}{a} \cdot x + (\frac{b}{2 \cdot a})^2 &= - \frac{c}{a} + (\frac{b}{2 \cdot a})^2\\ \end{aligned} x2+ab⋅xx2+ab⋅x+(2⋅ab)2=−ac=−ac+(2⋅ab)2
这里来解释一下问什么非要凑 ( b 2 ⋅ a ) 2 (\frac{b}{2 \cdot a})^2 (2⋅ab)2
我们的目的是要凑成 a 2 + 2 ⋅ a ⋅ b + b 2 a^2 + 2 \cdot a \cdot b + b^2 a2+2⋅a⋅b+b2，那么就将每一项一一对应
首先我们知道 x 2 ⟺ a a x^2 \iff a^a x2⟺aa， b a ⋅ x ⟺ 2 ⋅ a ⋅ b \frac{b}{a} \cdot x \iff 2 \cdot a \cdot b ab⋅x⟺2⋅a⋅b
此时我们需要凑出一个“ b 2 b^2 b2”出来。相信你看一下下面的步骤就懂了∵ a 2 = x 2 \because a^2 = x^2 ∵a2=x2
∴ a = x \therefore a = x ∴a=x
∵ 2 ⋅ a ⋅ b = b a ⋅ x \because 2 \cdot a \cdot b = \frac{b}{a} \cdot x ∵2⋅a⋅b=ab⋅x
∴ a ⋅ b = b 2 ⋅ a ⋅ x \therefore a\cdot b = \frac{b}{2 \cdot a} \cdot x ∴a⋅b=2⋅ab⋅x
将 a = x 带入 a ⋅ b = b 2 ⋅ a ⋅ x 将a=x带入a\cdot b = \frac{b}{2 \cdot a} \cdot x 将a=x带入a⋅b=2⋅ab⋅x
b = b 2 ⋅ a b = \frac{b}{2 \cdot a} b=2⋅ab
∴ b 2 = ( b 2 ⋅ a ) 2 \therefore b^2 = (\frac{b}{2 \cdot a})^2 ∴b2=(2⋅ab)2这个“ ( b 2 ⋅ a ) 2 (\frac{b}{2 \cdot a})^2 (2⋅ab)2”就是这样被解出来的
-
这一步就舒服了，化简方程，为下一步降幂做好准备
x 2 + b a ⋅ x + ( b 2 ⋅ a ) 2 = − c a + ( b 2 ⋅ a ) 2 x ⋅ x + b a ⋅ x ÷ 2 ⋅ 2 + ( b 2 ⋅ a ) ⋅ ( b 2 ⋅ a ) = − c ⋅ ( 4 ⋅ a ) a ⋅ ( 4 ⋅ a ) + b 2 ( 2 ⋅ a ) 2 x ⋅ x + 2 ⋅ ( b 2 ⋅ a ⋅ x ) + ( b 2 ⋅ a ) ⋅ ( b 2 ⋅ a ) = − 4 ⋅ a ⋅ c 4 ⋅ a 2 + b 2 4 ⋅ a 2 ( x + b 2 ⋅ a ) 2 = b 2 − 4 ⋅ a ⋅ c 4 ⋅ a 2 \begin{aligned} x^2 + \frac{b}{a} \cdot x + (\frac{b}{2 \cdot a})^2 &= - \frac{c}{a} + (\frac{b}{2 \cdot a})^2\\ x \cdot x + \frac{b}{a} \cdot x \div 2 \cdot 2 + (\frac{b}{2 \cdot a}) \cdot (\frac{b}{2 \cdot a}) &= -\frac{c \cdot (4 \cdot a)}{a \cdot (4 \cdot a)} + \frac{b^2}{(2 \cdot a)^2}\\ x \cdot x + 2 \cdot (\frac{b}{2 \cdot a} \cdot x) + (\frac{b}{2 \cdot a}) \cdot (\frac{b}{2 \cdot a}) &= -\frac{4 \cdot a \cdot c}{4 \cdot a^2} + \frac{b^2}{4 \cdot a^2}\\ (x + \frac{b}{2 \cdot a})^2 &= \frac{b^2 - 4 \cdot a \cdot c}{4 \cdot a^2}\\ \end{aligned} x2+ab⋅x+(2⋅ab)2x⋅x+ab⋅x÷2⋅2+(2⋅ab)⋅(2⋅ab)x⋅x+2⋅(2⋅ab⋅x)+(2⋅ab)⋅(2⋅ab)(x+2⋅ab)2=−ac+(2⋅ab)2=−a⋅(4⋅a)c⋅(4⋅a)+(2⋅a)2b2=−4⋅a24⋅a⋅c+4⋅a2b2=4⋅a2b2−4⋅a⋅c
等号右边好说，来简单讲一下等号左边：
根据完全平方式 ( a + b ) 2 (a +b)^2 (a+b)2拆平方得 ( a + b ) ⋅ ( a + b ) (a+b) \cdot (a+b) (a+b)⋅(a+b)得 a 2 + 2 ⋅ a ⋅ b + b 2 a^2 + 2 \cdot a \cdot b + b^2 a2+2⋅a⋅b+b2的逆运算
还是一一对应
a 2 ⟺ x 2 a^2 \iff x^2 a2⟺x2， b a ⋅ x ⟺ 2 ⋅ a ⋅ b \frac{b}{a} \cdot x \iff 2 \cdot a \cdot b ab⋅x⟺2⋅a⋅b， ( b 2 ⋅ a ) 2 ⟺ b 2 (\frac{b}{2 \cdot a})^2 \iff b^2 (2⋅ab)2⟺b2
那么 a = b a = b a=b， b a ⋅ x = 2 ⋅ a ⋅ b \frac{b}{a} \cdot x = 2 \cdot a \cdot b ab⋅x=2⋅a⋅b， ( b 2 ⋅ a ) 2 = b 2 (\frac{b}{2 \cdot a})^2 = b^2 (2⋅ab)2=b2
带入之后直接得 ( a + b ) 2 = ( x + b 2 ⋅ a ) 2 (a + b)^2 = (x + \frac{b}{2 \cdot a})^2 (a+b)2=(x+2⋅ab)2
就这么简单。 -
降幂
( x + b 2 ⋅ a ) 2 = b 2 − 4 ⋅ a ⋅ c 4 ⋅ a 2 ( x + b 2 ⋅ a ) 2 = ± b 2 − 4 ⋅ a ⋅ c 4 ⋅ a 2 x + b 2 ⋅ a = ± b 2 − 4 ⋅ a ⋅ c 4 ⋅ a 2 \begin{aligned} (x + \frac{b}{2 \cdot a})^2 &= \frac{b^2 - 4 \cdot a \cdot c}{4 \cdot a^2}\\ \sqrt{(x + \frac{b}{2 \cdot a})^2} &= \pm \sqrt{\frac{b^2 - 4 \cdot a \cdot c}{4 \cdot a^2}}\\ x + \frac{b}{2 \cdot a} &= \pm \sqrt{\frac{b^2 - 4 \cdot a \cdot c}{4 \cdot a^2}}\\ \end{aligned} (x+2⋅ab)2(x+2⋅ab)2x+2⋅ab=4⋅a2b2−4⋅a⋅c=±4⋅a2b2−4⋅a⋅c=±4⋅a2b2−4⋅a⋅c
这里只注意一点，等号右边加根号后，正负性是不定的，所以要加正负号。
-
移项求值（等式的性质一）
x + b 2 ⋅ a = ± b 2 − 4 ⋅ a ⋅ c 4 ⋅ a 2 x + b 2 ⋅ a − b 2 ⋅ a = ± b 2 − 4 ⋅ a ⋅ c 4 ⋅ a 2 − b 2 ⋅ a x = ± b 2 − 4 ⋅ a ⋅ c 4 ⋅ a 2 − b 2 ⋅ a \begin{aligned} x + \frac{b}{2 \cdot a} &= \pm \sqrt{\frac{b^2 - 4 \cdot a \cdot c}{4 \cdot a^2}}\\ x + \frac{b}{2 \cdot a} - \frac{b}{2 \cdot a} &= \pm \sqrt{\frac{b^2 - 4 \cdot a \cdot c}{4 \cdot a^2}} - \frac{b}{2 \cdot a}\\ x &= \pm \sqrt{\frac{b^2 - 4 \cdot a \cdot c}{4 \cdot a^2}} - \frac{b}{2 \cdot a}\\ \end{aligned} x+2⋅abx+2⋅ab−2⋅abx=±4⋅a2b2−4⋅a⋅c=±4⋅a2b2−4⋅a⋅c−2⋅ab=±4⋅a2b2−4⋅a⋅c−2⋅ab
其实到这里方程就解完了，我们还可以再化简一下。
-
化简
x = ± b 2 − 4 ⋅ a ⋅ c 4 ⋅ a 2 − b 2 ⋅ a x = ± b 2 − 4 ⋅ a ⋅ c 4 ⋅ a 2 − b 2 ⋅ a x = ± b 2 − 4 ⋅ a ⋅ c 2 ⋅ a − b 2 ⋅ a x = ± b 2 − 4 ⋅ a ⋅ c − b 2 ⋅ a \begin{aligned} x &= \pm \sqrt{\frac{b^2 - 4 \cdot a \cdot c}{4 \cdot a^2}} - \frac{b}{2 \cdot a}\\ x &= \frac{\pm \sqrt{b^2 - 4 \cdot a \cdot c}}{\sqrt{4 \cdot a^2}} - \frac{b}{2 \cdot a}\\ x &= \frac{\pm \sqrt{b^2 - 4 \cdot a \cdot c}}{2 \cdot a} - \frac{b}{2 \cdot a}\\ x &= \frac{\pm \sqrt{b^2 - 4 \cdot a \cdot c} - b}{2 \cdot a}\\ \end{aligned} xxxx=±4⋅a2b2−4⋅a⋅c−2⋅ab=4⋅a2±b2−4⋅a⋅c−2⋅ab=2⋅a±b2−4⋅a⋅c−2⋅ab=2⋅a±b2−4⋅a⋅c−b
网上的步骤都分类讨论了。其实分类讨论的目的还是为了化简求值。以上给出的是最基础的中的最简的值（通用根）。
留意一下，其中4、5步是就配方法，全过程就是解一元二次方程标准的公式法；方程的解 x = ± b 2 − 4 ⋅ a ⋅ c − b 2 ⋅ a ⟺ x = − b ± b 2 − 4 ⋅ a ⋅ c 2 ⋅ a x = \frac{\pm \sqrt{b^2 - 4 \cdot a \cdot c} - b}{2 \cdot a} \iff x = \frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^2 - 4 \cdot a \cdot c}}{2 \cdot a} x=2⋅a±b2−4⋅a⋅c−b⟺x=2⋅a−b±b2−4⋅a⋅c这个都算不上化简，我就没写。
尾言
为什么我有事没事要写这篇博客呢？已经说过了，主要是因为网上的步骤太模糊，文字多，演示少。那么为什么会这样呢？是应为会（学过）的人都是九年级以上的，此时他们的思维已经很抽象了，就不需要过多的演示了，对于像我这样七年级的学生来说就看不懂。这也是小学老师交不了初中生，初中老师也未必交得了小学生的底层原因之一。而我，是在这基础之上，再针对该年龄段的理解难点（我研究时的疑惑点）进行拆分讲解，就非常适合与我年龄相仿的人理解。我想我写这篇博文的目的就在这里。
最后，祝大家学业有成，找到适合自己的指路人！
7671
被折叠的 条评论
为什么被折叠?
到【灌水乐园】发言
