对比Java的Stream流和C# 的Linq

Java由于没有委托的概念，所以用函数式接口 @FunctionalInterface 与 lambda表达式相结合，实现了类似于C# 中委托，C++中函数指针的功能。
函数指针/委托在Java中被命名为函数式编程。

在Java中，从函数式编程又引申出了Stream流。整个过程分为创建流，中间操作和终结操作。

C# 中的Linq 与此相似，但没有那么多繁琐的步骤，大多都是类似于sql语句中的where，select这种形式，配合lambda表达式实现Java中的Stream流的功能。

C# 可以借助Select 轻松截取集合对象中三个以上的字段，Java却很难做到。

举一个例子，对比Java的Stream流和C# 的Linq

Java：

package com.zg.myssm.entities;

import lombok.*;


import java.util.List;

/**
 * @Auther: Zg
 * @Date: 2022/10/26 - 10 - 26 - 22:33
 * @Description: com.zg.myssm.entities
 * @version: 1.0
 */
@Data
@Builder
@NoArgsConstructor
@AllArgsConstructor
@EqualsAndHashCode//用于后期的去重使用
public class Author {
    //id
    private Long id;
    //姓名
    private String name;
    //年龄
    private Integer age;
    //简介
    private String intro;
    //作品
    private List<Book> books;
}

package com.zg.myssm.entities;

import lombok.AllArgsConstructor;
import lombok.Data;
import lombok.EqualsAndHashCode;
import lombok.NoArgsConstructor;

/**
 * @Auther: Zg
 * @Date: 2022/10/26 - 10 - 26 - 22:35
 * @Description: com.zg.myssm.entities
 * @version: 1.0
 */
@Data
@AllArgsConstructor
@NoArgsConstructor
@EqualsAndHashCode//用于后期的去重使用
public class Book {
    //id
    private Long id;
    //书名
    private String name;

    //分类
    private String category;

    //评分
    private Integer score;

    //简介
    private String intro;

}

package com.zg.myssm.test;

import com.zg.myssm.entities.Author;
import com.zg.myssm.entities.Book;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;

/**
 * @Auther: Zg
 * @Date: 2022/10/26 - 10 - 26 - 22:42
 * @Description: com.zg.myssm.test
 * @version: 1.0
 */
public class Authors {

    public Authors() {
        //数据初始化
        Author author = new Author(1L,"蒙多",33,"一个从菜刀中明悟哲理的祖安人",null);
        Author author2 = new Author(2L,"亚拉索",15,"狂风也追逐不上他的思考速度",null);
        Author author3 = new Author(3L,"易",14,"是这个世界在限制他的思维",null);
        Author author4 = new Author(3L,"易",14,"是这个世界在限制他的思维",null);

        //书籍列表
        List<Book> books1 = new ArrayList<>();
        List<Book> books2 = new ArrayList<>();
        List<Book> books3 = new ArrayList<>();

        books1.add(new Book(1L,"刀的两侧是光明与黑暗","哲学,爱情",88,"用一把刀划分了爱恨"));
        books1.add(new Book(2L,"一个人不能死在同一把刀下","个人成长,爱情",99,"讲述如何从失败中明悟真理"));

        books2.add(new Book(3L,"那风吹不到的地方","哲学",85,"带你用思维去领略世界的尽头"));
        books2.add(new Book(3L,"那风吹不到的地方","哲学",85,"带你用思维去领略世界的尽头"));
        books2.add(new Book(4L,"吹或不吹","爱情,个人传记",56,"一个哲学家的恋爱观注定很难把他所在的时代理解"));

        books3.add(new Book(5L,"你的剑就是我的剑","爱情",56,"无法想象一个武者能对他的伴侣这么的宽容"));
        books3.add(new Book(6L,"风与剑","个人传记",100,"两个哲学家灵魂和肉体的碰撞会激起怎么样的火花呢？"));
        books3.add(new Book(6L,"风与剑","个人传记",100,"两个哲学家灵魂和肉体的碰撞会激起怎么样的火花呢？"));

        author.setBooks(books1);
        author2.setBooks(books2);
        author3.setBooks(books3);
        author4.setBooks(books3);

        this.authors = Arrays.asList(author, author2, author3, author4);
    }

    public List<Author> getAuthors() {
        return authors;
    }

    public void setAuthors(List<Author> authors) {
        this.authors = authors;
    }

    private List<Author> authors = new ArrayList<>();
}

测试：输出一个小于18岁的作者名字集合，并且不重复：

    //终结操作，返回List
    @Test
    public void Test16(){
        Authors authors1 = new Authors();
        List<Author> authors = authors1.getAuthors();
        List<String> collect = authors.stream().filter(a->a.getAge()<18).map(Author::getName).distinct().collect(Collectors.toList());
        collect.forEach(name-> System.out.println(name));

    /*
        结果：亚拉索 易
     */
        System.out.println("====================");
        //返回两个字段：
        Map<String, Integer> collect1 = authors.stream().filter(a -> a.getAge() < 18).distinct().collect(Collectors.toMap(Author::getName, Author::getAge));

        for (Map.Entry<String,Integer> map:collect1.entrySet()
             ) {
            System.out.println(map.getKey());
            System.out.println(map.getValue());
        }

        /*
         结果：亚拉索
        15
        易
        14
     */
    }

对比C#：

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace MyLinqTest
{
    public class Author
    {
        private long id;
        //姓名
        private string name;
        //年龄
        private int age;
        //简介
        private string intro;
        //作品
        private List<Book> books;


        public long Id
        {
            get { return id; }
            set { id = value; }
        }

        public string Name
        {
            get { return name; }
            set { name = value; }
        }
        public int Age
        {
            get { return age; }
            set { age = value; }
        }
        public List<Book> Books
        {
            get { return books; }
            set { books = value; }
        }

        public Author(long id, string name, int age, string intro, List<Book> books)
        {
            Id = id;
            Name = name;
            Age = age;
            this.intro = intro;
            Books = books;
            Id = id;
            Name = name;
            Age = age;
            Books = books;
        }
    }
}

using System.Runtime.InteropServices;

namespace MyLinqTest
{
    public class Book
    {
        private long id;

        public long Id
        {
            get { return id; }
            set { id = value; }
        }

        //书名
        private string name;

        public string Name
        {
            get { return name; }
            set { name = value; }
        }

        //分类
        private string category;

        public string Category
        {
            get { return category; }
            set { category = value; }
        }

        //评分
        private int score;

        public int Score
        {
            get { return score; }
            set { score = value; }
        }

        //简介
        private string intro;

        public string Intro
        {
            get { return intro; }
            set { intro = value; }
        }

        public Book(long id, string name,  string category, int score, string intro)
        {
            Id = id;
            Name = name;
            Category = category;
            Score = score;
            Intro = intro;
        }
    }
}

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace MyLinqTest
{
    public class MyAuthors
    {
        public MyAuthors()
        {
            Author author = new Author(1L, "蒙多", 33, "一个从菜刀中明悟哲理的祖安人", null);
            Author author2 = new Author(2L, "亚拉索", 15, "狂风也追逐不上他的思考速度", null);
            Author author3 = new Author(3L, "易", 14, "是这个世界在限制他的思维", null);
            Author author4 = new Author(3L, "易", 14, "是这个世界在限制他的思维", null);

            //书籍列表
            List<Book> books1 = new List<Book>();
            List<Book> books2 = new List<Book>();
            List<Book> books3 = new List<Book>();

            books1.Add(new Book(1L, "刀的两侧是光明与黑暗", "哲学,爱情", 88, "用一把刀划分了爱恨"));
            books1.Add(new Book(2L, "一个人不能死在同一把刀下", "个人成长,爱情", 99, "讲述如何从失败中明悟真理"));

            books2.Add(new Book(3L, "那风吹不到的地方", "哲学", 85, "带你用思维去领略世界的尽头"));
            books2.Add(new Book(3L, "那风吹不到的地方", "哲学", 85, "带你用思维去领略世界的尽头"));
            books2.Add(new Book(4L, "吹或不吹", "爱情,个人传记", 56, "一个哲学家的恋爱观注定很难把他所在的时代理解"));

            books3.Add(new Book(5L, "你的剑就是我的剑", "爱情", 56, "无法想象一个武者能对他的伴侣这么的宽容"));
            books3.Add(new Book(6L, "风与剑", "个人传记", 100, "两个哲学家灵魂和肉体的碰撞会激起怎么样的火花呢？"));
            books3.Add(new Book(6L, "风与剑", "个人传记", 100, "两个哲学家灵魂和肉体的碰撞会激起怎么样的火花呢？"));

            author.Books = books1;
            author2.Books = books1;
            author3.Books = books1;
            author4.Books = books1;

            this.authors.Add(author);
            this.authors.Add(author2);
            this.authors.Add(author3);
            this.authors.Add(author4);

        }


        private List<Author> authors = new List<Author>();

        public List<Author> Authors
        {
            get { return authors; }
            set { authors = value; }
        }

    }
}

// See https://aka.ms/new-console-template for more information


using MyLinqTest;

MyAuthors myAuthors = new MyAuthors();
var names = myAuthors.Authors.Where(x => x.Age < 18).Select(x => x.Name).Distinct().ToList();

//多个字段：
var files = myAuthors.Authors.Where(x => x.Age < 18).Select(x => new{name = x.Name, age = x.Age, Id=x.Id }).Distinct().ToList();

foreach (var item in files)
{
    Console.WriteLine(item.Id.ToString());
    Console.WriteLine(item.age.ToString());
    Console.WriteLine(item.name);
}
Console.WriteLine("========================");

/*
 结果：2 15 亚拉索
       3 14 易
 */

foreach (var item in names)
{
    Console.WriteLine(item);
}

/*
结果：亚拉索 易
 */