PCIe中的信号补偿技术(Signal Compensation)——De-emphasis

原文链接http://blog.chinaaet.com/justlxy/p/510005348

这一篇文章中,我们主要来聊一聊PCIe中的信号补偿技术(Signal Compensation)——De-emphasis。需要注意的是,Gen1&Gen2与Gen3的De-emphasis实现机制差别较大,而本文只介绍Gen1&Gen2相关内容。如需了解Gen3的相关内容,可自行查阅Gen3的PCIe Spec。

高速信号传输中有一个非常棘手的问题,就是当传输速率变得越来越高的同时,数据间隔单元(Unit Inerval,UI)也会变得越来越小。这导致前一个bit的数据会对后面bit的数据造成影响,如果不去除这些影响,将会导致误码率飙升,甚至通信无法继续。

数字通信中有一个基本的概念,叫做压摆率(Slew Rate),可以理解为1微秒或者1纳秒等时间里电压升高的幅度,单位可以为V/s,mV/ns,mV/ps和μV/ps等。这带来一个问题,如果压摆率过大,信号会过冲;如果压摆率过小,信号又达不到目标电压。然而实时动态地调解压摆率是很困难的,所以一般在固定的模式下,压摆率也相对固定(当然,在不同的电压范围肯定是有所区别的)。

此时,还存在另一个问题,由于压摆率的特性,如果系统中出现几个连续的1(或者0),而接下来的信号为0(或者1)时,信号的电压可能达不到要求,如下图所示。这种前面的信号会影响后面的现象,我们称之为ISI(Inter-Symbol Interference)。

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注:虽然PCIe采用了8b/10b编码,但是仍然会出现连续的5个0或者5个1(一些控制字符,如COM)。

为了解决这个问题,PCIe采用了一种叫做De-emphasis的技术,具体细节如下:

·        当前后电平极性变化时,不使用De-emphasis;

·        连续相同极性电平的第一个bit,不使用De-emphasis;

·        只有连续相同极性电平的第一个bit之后的bit,才使用De-emphasis;

·        对于2.5GT/s,De-emphasis将电压较少3.5dB。对于5GT/s,则是6dB;

·        Beacon信号也需要进行De-emphasis,但是规则稍有差别。

注:Beacon信号在之前关于LTSSM的文章中介绍过。

如下图所示:

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一个De-emphasis的例子如下图所示:

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采用De-emphasis之后的PCIe设备接收端信号如下图所示:

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差分的例子:

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此外,对于Gen2(5GT/s)的PCIe设备来说,还可以使用Reduced Swing的方式来解决上诉问题,如下图所示,这里就不详细地介绍了。

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De-Emphasis 标题 Optical modulators for generating de-emphasis formatted optical signals and methods of operating the same Optical Modulators for Generating De-Emphasis Formatted Optical Signals and Methods of Operating the Same Output buffer circuit with de-emphasis function Output buffer circuit with de-emphasis function Spectral emphasis and de-emphasis Method for designing de-emphasis circuit for video signal processing integrated circuit and integrated circuit made by the same Method for designing de-emphasis circuit for video signal processing integrated circuit and integrated circuit made by the same Automatic de-emphasis setting for driving capacitive backplane Automatic de-emphasis setting for driving capacitive backplane Pseudo-open drain type output driver having de-emphasis function, semiconductor memory device, and control method thereof Pseudo-open drain type output driver having de-emphasis function, semiconductor memory device, and control method thereof Finite impulse response de-emphasis with inductive shunt peaking for near-end and far-end signal integrity High-speed pre-driver and voltage level converter with built-in de-emphasis for HDMI transmit applications High-speed pre-driver and voltage level converter with built-in de-emphasis for HDMI transmit applications Spectral emphasis and de-emphasis De-Emphasis With Separate Edge Control De-emphasis with separate edge control Recording and reproducing apparatus for recording and reproducing a carrier chrominance signal with pre-emphasis and de-emphasis Video signal processing apparatus with pre-emphasis and de-emphasis for use in a recording and reproducing system Apparatus and methods for de-emphasis training on a point-to-point connection Method and apparatus to reduce artifacts in a computed-tomography (CT) image by iterative reconstruction (IR) using a cost function with a de-emphasis operator Video emphasis encoding method and apparatus, video de-emphasis decoding method and apparatus, video emphasis transmitting method and apparatus and video de-emphasis receiving method and apparatus Noise reduction system having series connected low and high frequency emphasis and de-emphasis filters Audio de-emphasis circuit Video signal processing device including emphasis and/or de-emphasis circuit De-emphasis of user-selected portions in a video display Method of video noise reduction using non-linear pre/de-emphasis Circuit for maintaining compatibility between different image systems during reproduction having an adaptive de-emphasis unit Compander circuit which produces variable pre-emphasis and de-emphasis De-emphasis training on a point-to-point connection Automatic de-emphasis setting for driving capacitive backplane Video signal recording and reproducing apparatus having a pre-emphasis and de-emphasis system for noise reduction Apparatuses and methods for partial bit de-emphasis Dynamic de-emphasis compensation system Method and apparatus for multi-level de-emphasis Adaptive real-time control of de-emphasis level in a USB 3.0 signal conditioner based on incoming signal frequency range High-speed pre-driver and voltage level converter with built-in de-emphasis for HDMI transmit applications High-speed pre-driver and voltage level converter with built-in de-emphasis for HDMI transmit applications Method and apparatus for multi-level de-emphasis Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis emulation and wave shaping using a programmable delay without using a clock Digital non-linear pre-emphasis/de-emphasis apparatus for video signals in a video signal recording and reproducing apparatus High-speed pre-driver and voltage level converter with built-in de-emphasis for HDMI transmit applications Voltage mode driver using pre-emphasis and de-emphasis signals Thread de-emphasis instruction for multithreaded processor Thread de-emphasis instruction for multithreaded processor Apparatuses and methods for partial bit de-emphasis Adaptive real-time control of de-emphasis level in a USB 3.0 signal conditioner based on incoming signal frequency range Adaptive Real-Time Control of De-Emphasis Level in a USB 3.0 Signal Conditioner Based on Incoming Signal Frequency Range Adaptive Real-Time Control of De-Emphasis Level in a USB 3.0 Signal Conditioner Based on Incoming Signal Frequency Range Complementary pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuits for a video signal transfer channel Digital non-linear pre-emphasis/de-emphasis apparatus for eliminating noise components from video signals in a video signal processing system Video noise reduction method using non-linear pre/de-emphasis Video noise reduction method using non-linear pre/de-emphasis Video noise reduction method using non-linear pre/de-emphasis Video noise reduction method using non-linear pre/de-emphasis Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis filters for a composite NTSC format video signal Non-linear de-emphasis circuit Wideband signal pre
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