高速信号的 pre-emphasis 预加重和 de-emphasis去加重

1 为何需要 emphasis ?

        预加重和去加重其实属于高速信号均衡技术的一种,均衡技术又叫信号补偿技术。

        信号从发送端发出,经信道传输,到达接收端。在传输过程中,信号会发生失真,影响接收端对信号的正确判决。影响接收端接收信号质量的因素很多,比如传输速率,电磁干扰,信道质量等等。信号失真越严重,误码率 BER 越高,从而影响通信性能。

        为了在接收端获取到易于判决的优质信号,可以在发送端、传输链路途中或者接收端信号判决之前对信号进行调理改善,从而减小信号失真对通信性能的影响。这种对信号的调理,称作信号补偿,或称均衡。

2 pre-emphasis 与  de-emphasis 区别?

无源传输线路像是一个低通滤波器,高速串行信号经信道从发送端传输到接收端后,
其高频分量比低频分量衰减要大,而高频分量主要集中在信号的上升沿及下降沿。

pre-emphasis  预加重增强信号跳变沿的信号幅度,增高高频分量
de-emphasis   去加重则是降低跳变沿之外的信号幅度,削弱低频分量
 

可以看到右侧去加重后,整体的幅值是低于 预加重的幅值的。

PCIe 信号补偿三大技术:发送端预加重(Pre-emphasis)、去加重(De-emphasis)和接收端均衡(Equalization)。上述的预加重、去加重也被称为发送端均衡。 

接收端均衡器相当于高通滤波器,来补偿失真的波形。

3、如何看眼图?

所谓眼图就是把一连串信号(000,001,010,011, 100, 101,110,111)叠加在一起,形成一个类似眼睛的图像,通常是在示波器上。

如这个示意图,把011、001、100和110叠加在一起形成一个眼图。它有不少术语:

 其中包括:高电平,低电平,周期(UI,Unit Interval),眼高,眼宽,上升时间,下降时间和抖动Jitter。

眼宽大,眼高高,Jitter窄,眼图就好,我们叫做眼图睁开;

 眼宽扁,眼高低,Jitter窄,信号就差,甚至难以采样和辨识,这时我们就叫眼图闭合。

如果眼图不好,其实是高频信号的衰减和干扰造成、或者硬件设计原因导致信号链路不好,这时候可以通过优化电路,或者各种方法如去加重(De-emphasis)和Preshoot技术,以及各种EQ来尝试解决。像PCIE、USB、SATA等协议都有自己的眼图模板要求,如果你硬件设计出来后,经过测量眼图不符合要求,这就说明你硬件设计或者软件的均衡技术没有配好。

下图是usb2.0的眼图模板要求:

参考:PCIe 均衡技术介绍(概要)_pcie eq_MangoPapa的博客-CSDN博客

参考:芯片中的数学——均衡器EQ和它在高速外部总线中的应用 - 知乎

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De-Emphasis 标题 Optical modulators for generating de-emphasis formatted optical signals and methods of operating the same Optical Modulators for Generating De-Emphasis Formatted Optical Signals and Methods of Operating the Same Output buffer circuit with de-emphasis function Output buffer circuit with de-emphasis function Spectral emphasis and de-emphasis Method for designing de-emphasis circuit for video signal processing integrated circuit and integrated circuit made by the same Method for designing de-emphasis circuit for video signal processing integrated circuit and integrated circuit made by the same Automatic de-emphasis setting for driving capacitive backplane Automatic de-emphasis setting for driving capacitive backplane Pseudo-open drain type output driver having de-emphasis function, semiconductor memory device, and control method thereof Pseudo-open drain type output driver having de-emphasis function, semiconductor memory device, and control method thereof Finite impulse response de-emphasis with inductive shunt peaking for near-end and far-end signal integrity High-speed pre-driver and voltage level converter with built-in de-emphasis for HDMI transmit applications High-speed pre-driver and voltage level converter with built-in de-emphasis for HDMI transmit applications Spectral emphasis and de-emphasis De-Emphasis With Separate Edge Control De-emphasis with separate edge control Recording and reproducing apparatus for recording and reproducing a carrier chrominance signal with pre-emphasis and de-emphasis Video signal processing apparatus with pre-emphasis and de-emphasis for use in a recording and reproducing system Apparatus and methods for de-emphasis training on a point-to-point connection Method and apparatus to reduce artifacts in a computed-tomography (CT) image by iterative reconstruction (IR) using a cost function with a de-emphasis operator Video emphasis encoding method and apparatus, video de-emphasis decoding method and apparatus, video emphasis transmitting method and apparatus and video de-emphasis receiving method and apparatus Noise reduction system having series connected low and high frequency emphasis and de-emphasis filters Audio de-emphasis circuit Video signal processing device including emphasis and/or de-emphasis circuit De-emphasis of user-selected portions in a video display Method of video noise reduction using non-linear pre/de-emphasis Circuit for maintaining compatibility between different image systems during reproduction having an adaptive de-emphasis unit Compander circuit which produces variable pre-emphasis and de-emphasis De-emphasis training on a point-to-point connection Automatic de-emphasis setting for driving capacitive backplane Video signal recording and reproducing apparatus having a pre-emphasis and de-emphasis system for noise reduction Apparatuses and methods for partial bit de-emphasis Dynamic de-emphasis compensation system Method and apparatus for multi-level de-emphasis Adaptive real-time control of de-emphasis level in a USB 3.0 signal conditioner based on incoming signal frequency range High-speed pre-driver and voltage level converter with built-in de-emphasis for HDMI transmit applications High-speed pre-driver and voltage level converter with built-in de-emphasis for HDMI transmit applications Method and apparatus for multi-level de-emphasis Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis emulation and wave shaping using a programmable delay without using a clock Digital non-linear pre-emphasis/de-emphasis apparatus for video signals in a video signal recording and reproducing apparatus High-speed pre-driver and voltage level converter with built-in de-emphasis for HDMI transmit applications Voltage mode driver using pre-emphasis and de-emphasis signals Thread de-emphasis instruction for multithreaded processor Thread de-emphasis instruction for multithreaded processor Apparatuses and methods for partial bit de-emphasis Adaptive real-time control of de-emphasis level in a USB 3.0 signal conditioner based on incoming signal frequency range Adaptive Real-Time Control of De-Emphasis Level in a USB 3.0 Signal Conditioner Based on Incoming Signal Frequency Range Adaptive Real-Time Control of De-Emphasis Level in a USB 3.0 Signal Conditioner Based on Incoming Signal Frequency Range Complementary pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuits for a video signal transfer channel Digital non-linear pre-emphasis/de-emphasis apparatus for eliminating noise components from video signals in a video signal processing system Video noise reduction method using non-linear pre/de-emphasis Video noise reduction method using non-linear pre/de-emphasis Video noise reduction method using non-linear pre/de-emphasis Video noise reduction method using non-linear pre/de-emphasis Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis filters for a composite NTSC format video signal Non-linear de-emphasis circuit Wideband signal pre
标题 Pre-emphasis apparatus, low voltage differential signaling transmitter including the same and pre-emphasis method Pre-emphasis apparatus, low voltage differential signaling transmitter including the same and pre-emphasis method Pre-emphasis circuitry including a pre-emphasis voltage variation compensation engine Voltage regulator for impedance matching and pre-emphasis, method of regulating voltage for impedance matching and pre-emphasis, voltage mode driver including the voltage regulator, and voltage-mode driver using the method Pre-emphasis circuit and differential current signaling system having the same Pre-emphasis circuit and differential current signaling system having the same Semiconductor device with output driver pre-emphasis scheme Pre-emphasis circuit Pre-emphasis automatic adjusting system, method of adjusting pre-emphasis and pre-emphasis setting signal generating circuit Distributed pre-emphasis equalizer Pre-emphasis automatic adjusting system, method of adjusting pre-emphasis and pre-emphasis setting signal generating circuit DAC based driver with selectable pre-emphasis signal levels DAC based driver with selectable pre-emphasis signal levels Method and apparatus for performing transmit pre-emphasis Differential Data Transmitter With Pre-Emphasis Method of half-bit pre-emphasis for multi-level signal Method of Half-Bit Pre-Emphasis for Multi-Level Signal DAC based driver with selectable pre-emphasis signal levels DAC based driver with selectable pre-emphasis signal levels Phase-adjusted pre-emphasis and equalization for data communication Method and apparatus for increased communication channel pre-emphasis for clock-like data patterns Transmitters for loop-back adaptive pre-emphasis data transmission Method and apparatus for increased communication channel pre-emphasis for clock-like data patterns Semiconductor memory device having pre-emphasis signal generator Method and apparatus for performing transmit pre-emphasis System and method of gen
要在 MATLAB 中绘制加重后的语音信号的波形和频谱图,可以按照以下步骤进行操作: 1. 导入语音信号数据:首先,将语音信号导入到 MATLAB 中。可以使用 `audioread` 函数将音频文件读入,并将其存储为向量。 ```matlab [y, Fs] = audioread('your_audio_file.wav'); ``` 2. 设计加重滤波器:加重是为了强调高频部分,可以通过一个一阶高通滤波器来实现。通常使用以下公式进行加重: ```matlab pre_emphasis = [1, -0.97]; % 加重滤波器系数 y_pre_emphasis = filter(pre_emphasis, 1, y); ``` 3. 绘制加重后的波形图:使用 `plot` 函数绘制加重后的语音信号的波形图。 ```matlab t = (0:length(y_pre_emphasis)-1) / Fs; % 时间轴 plot(t, y_pre_emphasis); xlabel('Time (s)'); ylabel('Amplitude'); title('Pre-emphasized Waveform'); ``` 4. 计算并绘制加重后的频谱图:使用 `fft` 函数计算加重后的语音信号的频谱,并使用 `plot` 函数绘制频谱图。 ```matlab Y_pre_emphasis = fft(y_pre_emphasis); % 傅里叶变换 L = length(y_pre_emphasis); P2 = abs(Y_pre_emphasis/L); % 双边频谱 P1 = P2(1:L/2+1); P1(2:end-1) = 2*P1(2:end-1); % 单边频谱 f = Fs*(0:(L/2))/L; % 频率轴 plot(f, P1); xlabel('Frequency (Hz)'); ylabel('Magnitude'); title('Pre-emphasized Spectrum'); ``` 通过按照上述步骤操作,你将能够在 MATLAB 中绘制出加重后的语音信号的波形图和频谱图。请注意,这里假设语音信号是单声道的。如果有多个声道,可以对每个声道分别进行绘制。

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