炸鸡块数
麦当劳® 在出售炸鸡块的时候,会分成6、9、20块的包装。据我所知,麦当劳也会在快乐园套餐里面搭配4块炸鸡块,偶尔是10块。本文的目的是描述一个数据问题,而非快消食品的市场实践。 |
如果你饿了,想吃15块炸鸡,你可以买一个6块装和一个9块装.
如果你极其的饿,你想吃24块炸鸡, 你可以购买两个9块装和一个6块装, 或者你也可以购买4个6块装.
如果你想吃25块炸鸡,那就没办法了,你要么忍着,要么多买点。
我们可以看到有些数字是可以由6、9、20组成的,有些却不行.
可能的炸鸡块数
下面是你要点的炸鸡块数和它对应的可能的组合(使用6、9、20的包装), 按照升序排列:
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43个炸鸡块之后会发生有趣的现象,43之后的数字都可以由6、9、20组成,43是不能由6、9、20组成的最大的数字。通常称这种特殊的数字为Frobenius Number(弗罗贝尼乌斯数) ,也因为很多人使用炸鸡块的例子来说明这种数字,所以它们也被称为Chicken Nugget Number(炸鸡块数).
对于一个整数集合,只有有限个数字是不能通过这些数字的倍数之和得到,其中最大的数字被称为Frobenius Number(弗罗贝尼乌斯数) 。
先从两个数字的例子讲起
为什么会出现这种现象?为了简化问题,我们假设鸡块只有3和11两种包装。
有了3个鸡块的包装,很容易得到3的倍数的包装(同样,每个11的倍数也容易得到). 并且我们也可以组成11之后每隔3的数字和22之后每隔3的数字 (使用2个11和若干个3即可). 当到达某个点之后,我们可以通过这种方式组成任何数字.
数学家James Sylvester在1884年证明,对于两个质数p, q, 当 n ≥ (p-1)(q-1) 时可以由两个质数组成, 最大的不能组成的数字是 (p-1)(q-1)-1 = pq-p-q
所以, 对于3和11的鸡块包装, Frobenius number是19.
如果多于两个数字,没有确定的公式可以证明. Ferdinand Georg Frobenius (1849-1917)第一次对这种数字进行了研究,因此以他的名字命名。
给麦当劳制造点麻烦?
既然你已经知道了Frobenius,何不在附近的麦当劳点61块炸鸡。 “可以给我来61块炸鸡吗?” 我敢肯定服务员会礼貌的告诉你,他们不卖61快炸鸡,只有20块一盒的包装. 只能卖给你60块。如果你坚持买61块,服务员还是坚持卖60块给你。 几个来回之后你可以理直气壮的说,"其实,你们可以卖给我61块,我点两盒20块的,两盒6块的,和一盒9块的!."
*现实中请不要这样,没什么大不了的,这样做不理智! |
搞错了? 有时候我看到麦当劳10块装的包装盒,我以为是他们搞错了. 麦当劳真的把11块的包装盒拿来给10块鸡块做广告?(看右边) 然而当我仔细看那个图,我猜发现,左下角的5号和8号实际上是一个鸡块切成了两半。
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硬币和邮票
类似的现象出现在硬币和邮票的选择上面。应该选择多大面额的硬币?
如果需要将1美元破开,然后在需要美分找零的时候使用,这个问题就不同了。如果我们有1美分,也就是面值$0.01的硬币,那么就可以组成任何面值。则么样才能减少所需要的硬币数 (如果找零给你的$0.99全是1美分的,你肯定受不了!)
即使在美国有$0.5的硬币,却很少用到. 经常被用到的是$0.01, $0.05, $0.10 and $0.25.
下面的表显示在找零时以上4种硬币如何组合。对一每个找零的金额,会有不同的硬币组合方案,下面给出的是最少的硬币组合。
举例. 对于$0.21找零,有9种不同的组合,分别是:21×$0.01 or 1×$0.05,16×$0.01 or 2×$0.05, 11×$0.01 or 3×$0.05, 6×$0.01 or 4×$0.05, 1×$0.01 or 1×$0.10, 11×$0.01or 1×$0.10,1×$0.05, 6×$0.01 or 1×$0.10, 2×$0.05, 1×$0.01or 2×$0.10, 1×$0.01。最优的组合是 2×$0.10, 1×$0.01只用了3枚硬币。
Change | # sol</th width=100> | Min | Best Solution |
---|---|---|---|
$0.01 | 1 | 1 | 1×$0.01 |
$0.02 | 1 | 2 | 2×$0.01 |
$0.03 | 1 | 3 | 3×$0.01 |
$0.04 | 1 | 4 | 4×$0.01 |
$0.05 | 2 | 1 | 1×$0.05 |
$0.06 | 2 | 2 | 1×$0.05, 1×$0.01 |
$0.07 | 2 | 3 | 1×$0.05, 2×$0.01 |
$0.08 | 2 | 4 | 1×$0.05, 3×$0.01 |
$0.09 | 2 | 5 | 1×$0.05, 4×$0.01 |
$0.10 | 4 | 1 | 1×$0.10 |
$0.11 | 4 | 2 | 1×$0.10, 1×$0.01 |
$0.12 | 4 | 3 | 1×$0.10, 2×$0.01 |
$0.13 | 4 | 4 | 1×$0.10, 3×$0.01 |
$0.14 | 4 | 5 | 1×$0.10, 4×$0.01 |
$0.15 | 6 | 2 | 1×$0.10, 1×$0.05 |
$0.16 | 6 | 3 | 1×$0.10, 1×$0.05, 1×$0.01 |
$0.17 | 6 | 4 | 1×$0.10, 1×$0.05, 2×$0.01 |
$0.18 | 6 | 5 | 1×$0.10, 1×$0.05, 3×$0.01 |
$0.19 | 6 | 6 | 1×$0.10, 1×$0.05, 4×$0.01 |
$0.20 | 9 | 2 | 2×$0.10 |
$0.21 | 9 | 3 | 2×$0.10, 1×$0.01 |
$0.22 | 9 | 4 | 2×$0.10, 2×$0.01 |
$0.23 | 9 | 5 | 2×$0.10, 3×$0.01 |
$0.24 | 9 | 6 | 2×$0.10, 4×$0.01 |
$0.25 | 13 | 1 | 1×$0.25 |
$0.26 | 13 | 2 | 1×$0.25, 1×$0.01 |
$0.27 | 13 | 3 | 1×$0.25, 2×$0.01 |
$0.28 | 13 | 4 | 1×$0.25, 3×$0.01 |
$0.29 | 13 | 5 | 1×$0.25, 4×$0.01 |
$0.30 | 18 | 2 | 1×$0.25, 1×$0.05 |
$0.31 | 18 | 3 | 1×$0.25, 1×$0.05, 1×$0.01 |
$0.32 | 18 | 4 | 1×$0.25, 1×$0.05, 2×$0.01 |
$0.33 | 18 | 5 | 1×$0.25, 1×$0.05, 3×$0.01 |
$0.34 | 18 | 6 | 1×$0.25, 1×$0.05, 4×$0.01 |
$0.35 | 24 | 2 | 1×$0.25, 1×$0.10 |
$0.36 | 24 | 3 | 1×$0.25, 1×$0.10, 1×$0.01 |
$0.37 | 24 | 4 | 1×$0.25, 1×$0.10, 2×$0.01 |
$0.38 | 24 | 5 | 1×$0.25, 1×$0.10, 3×$0.01 |
$0.39 | 24 | 6 | 1×$0.25, 1×$0.10, 4×$0.01 |
$0.40 | 31 | 3 | 1×$0.25, 1×$0.10, 1×$0.05 |
$0.41 | 31 | 4 | 1×$0.25, 1×$0.10, 1×$0.05, 1×$0.01 |
$0.42 | 31 | 5 | 1×$0.25, 1×$0.10, 1×$0.05, 2×$0.01 |
$0.43 | 31 | 6 | 1×$0.25, 1×$0.10, 1×$0.05, 3×$0.01 |
$0.44 | 31 | 7 | 1×$0.25, 1×$0.10, 1×$0.05, 4×$0.01 |
$0.45 | 39 | 3 | 1×$0.25, 2×$0.10 |
$0.46 | 39 | 4 | 1×$0.25, 2×$0.10, 1×$0.01 |
$0.47 | 39 | 5 | 1×$0.25, 2×$0.10, 2×$0.01 |
$0.48 | 39 | 6 | 1×$0.25, 2×$0.10, 3×$0.01 |
$0.49 | 39 | 7 | 1×$0.25, 2×$0.10, 4×$0.01 |
$0.50 | 49 | 2 | 2×$0.25 |
$0.51 | 49 | 3 | 2×$0.25, 1×$0.01 |
$0.52 | 49 | 4 | 2×$0.25, 2×$0.01 |
$0.53 | 49 | 5 | 2×$0.25, 3×$0.01 |
$0.54 | 49 | 6 | 2×$0.25, 4×$0.01 |
$0.55 | 60 | 3 | 2×$0.25, 1×$0.05 |
$0.56 | 60 | 4 | 2×$0.25, 1×$0.05, 1×$0.01 |
$0.57 | 60 | 5 | 2×$0.25, 1×$0.05, 2×$0.01 |
$0.58 | 60 | 6 | 2×$0.25, 1×$0.05, 3×$0.01 |
$0.59 | 60 | 7 | 2×$0.25, 1×$0.05, 4×$0.01 |
$0.60 | 73 | 3 | 2×$0.25, 1×$0.10 |
$0.61 | 73 | 4 | 2×$0.25, 1×$0.10, 1×$0.01 |
$0.62 | 73 | 5 | 2×$0.25, 1×$0.10, 2×$0.01 |
$0.63 | 73 | 6 | 2×$0.25, 1×$0.10, 3×$0.01 |
$0.64 | 73 | 7 | 2×$0.25, 1×$0.10, 4×$0.01 |
$0.65 | 87 | 4 | 2×$0.25, 1×$0.10, 1×$0.05 |
$0.66 | 87 | 5 | 2×$0.25, 1×$0.10, 1×$0.05, 1×$0.01 |
$0.67 | 87 | 6 | 2×$0.25, 1×$0.10, 1×$0.05, 2×$0.01 |
$0.68 | 87 | 7 | 2×$0.25, 1×$0.10, 1×$0.05, 3×$0.01 |
$0.69 | 87 | 8 | 2×$0.25, 1×$0.10, 1×$0.05, 4×$0.01 |
$0.70 | 103 | 4 | 2×$0.25, 2×$0.10 |
$0.71 | 103 | 5 | 2×$0.25, 2×$0.10, 1×$0.01 |
$0.72 | 103 | 6 | 2×$0.25, 2×$0.10, 2×$0.01 |
$0.73 | 103 | 7 | 2×$0.25, 2×$0.10, 3×$0.01 |
$0.74 | 103 | 8 | 2×$0.25, 2×$0.10, 4×$0.01 |
$0.75 | 121 | 3 | 3×$0.25 |
$0.76 | 121 | 4 | 3×$0.25, 1×$0.01 |
$0.77 | 121 | 5 | 3×$0.25, 2×$0.01 |
$0.78 | 121 | 6 | 3×$0.25, 3×$0.01 |
$0.79 | 121 | 7 | 3×$0.25, 4×$0.01 |
$0.80 | 141 | 4 | 3×$0.25, 1×$0.05 |
$0.81 | 141 | 5 | 3×$0.25, 1×$0.05, 1×$0.01 |
$0.82 | 141 | 6 | 3×$0.25, 1×$0.05, 2×$0.01 |
$0.83 | 141 | 7 | 3×$0.25, 1×$0.05, 3×$0.01 |
$0.84 | 141 | 8 | 3×$0.25, 1×$0.05, 4×$0.01 |
$0.85 | 163 | 4 | 3×$0.25, 1×$0.10 |
$0.86 | 163 | 5 | 3×$0.25, 1×$0.10, 1×$0.01 |
$0.87 | 163 | 6 | 3×$0.25, 1×$0.10, 2×$0.01 |
$0.88 | 163 | 7 | 3×$0.25, 1×$0.10, 3×$0.01 |
$0.89 | 163 | 8 | 3×$0.25, 1×$0.10, 4×$0.01 |
$0.90 | 187 | 5 | 3×$0.25, 1×$0.10, 1×$0.05 |
$0.91 | 187 | 6 | 3×$0.25, 1×$0.10, 1×$0.05, 1×$0.01 |
$0.92 | 187 | 7 | 3×$0.25, 1×$0.10, 1×$0.05, 2×$0.01 |
$0.93 | 187 | 8 | 3×$0.25, 1×$0.10, 1×$0.05, 3×$0.01 |
$0.94 | 187 | 9 | 3×$0.25, 1×$0.10, 1×$0.05, 4×$0.01 |
$0.95 | 213 | 5 | 3×$0.25, 2×$0.10 |
$0.96 | 213 | 6 | 3×$0.25, 2×$0.10, 1×$0.01 |
$0.97 | 213 | 7 | 3×$0.25, 2×$0.10, 2×$0.01 |
$0.98 | 213 | 8 | 3×$0.25, 2×$0.10, 3×$0.01 |
$0.99 | 213 | 9 | 3×$0.25, 2×$0.10, 4×$0.01 |
上面表中最差的情况使用了9枚硬币,在给 $0.94 和 $0.99 找零的时候 (即使我们使用了最优方案).
增加$0.5的硬币
看看下面会有什么样的变化:
Change | # sol</th width=100> | Min | Best Solution |
---|---|---|---|
$0.01 | 1 | 1 | 1×$0.01 |
$0.02 | 1 | 2 | 2×$0.01 |
$0.03 | 1 | 3 | 3×$0.01 |
$0.04 | 1 | 4 | 4×$0.01 |
$0.05 | 2 | 1 | 1×$0.05 |
$0.06 | 2 | 2 | 1×$0.05, 1×$0.01 |
$0.07 | 2 | 3 | 1×$0.05, 2×$0.01 |
$0.08 | 2 | 4 | 1×$0.05, 3×$0.01 |
$0.09 | 2 | 5 | 1×$0.05, 4×$0.01 |
$0.10 | 4 | 1 | 1×$0.10 |
$0.11 | 4 | 2 | 1×$0.10, 1×$0.01 |
$0.12 | 4 | 3 | 1×$0.10, 2×$0.01 |
$0.13 | 4 | 4 | 1×$0.10, 3×$0.01 |
$0.14 | 4 | 5 | 1×$0.10, 4×$0.01 |
$0.15 | 6 | 2 | 1×$0.10, 1×$0.05 |
$0.16 | 6 | 3 | 1×$0.10, 1×$0.05, 1×$0.01 |
$0.17 | 6 | 4 | 1×$0.10, 1×$0.05, 2×$0.01 |
$0.18 | 6 | 5 | 1×$0.10, 1×$0.05, 3×$0.01 |
$0.19 | 6 | 6 | 1×$0.10, 1×$0.05, 4×$0.01 |
$0.20 | 9 | 2 | 2×$0.10 |
$0.21 | 9 | 3 | 2×$0.10, 1×$0.01 |
$0.22 | 9 | 4 | 2×$0.10, 2×$0.01 |
$0.23 | 9 | 5 | 2×$0.10, 3×$0.01 |
$0.24 | 9 | 6 | 2×$0.10, 4×$0.01 |
$0.25 | 13 | 1 | 1×$0.25 |
$0.26 | 13 | 2 | 1×$0.25, 1×$0.01 |
$0.27 | 13 | 3 | 1×$0.25, 2×$0.01 |
$0.28 | 13 | 4 | 1×$0.25, 3×$0.01 |
$0.29 | 13 | 5 | 1×$0.25, 4×$0.01 |
$0.30 | 18 | 2 | 1×$0.25, 1×$0.05 |
$0.31 | 18 | 3 | 1×$0.25, 1×$0.05, 1×$0.01 |
$0.32 | 18 | 4 | 1×$0.25, 1×$0.05, 2×$0.01 |
$0.33 | 18 | 5 | 1×$0.25, 1×$0.05, 3×$0.01 |
$0.34 | 18 | 6 | 1×$0.25, 1×$0.05, 4×$0.01 |
$0.35 | 24 | 2 | 1×$0.25, 1×$0.10 |
$0.36 | 24 | 3 | 1×$0.25, 1×$0.10, 1×$0.01 |
$0.37 | 24 | 4 | 1×$0.25, 1×$0.10, 2×$0.01 |
$0.38 | 24 | 5 | 1×$0.25, 1×$0.10, 3×$0.01 |
$0.39 | 24 | 6 | 1×$0.25, 1×$0.10, 4×$0.01 |
$0.40 | 31 | 3 | 1×$0.25, 1×$0.10, 1×$0.05 |
$0.41 | 31 | 4 | 1×$0.25, 1×$0.10, 1×$0.05, 1×$0.01 |
$0.42 | 31 | 5 | 1×$0.25, 1×$0.10, 1×$0.05, 2×$0.01 |
$0.43 | 31 | 6 | 1×$0.25, 1×$0.10, 1×$0.05, 3×$0.01 |
$0.44 | 31 | 7 | 1×$0.25, 1×$0.10, 1×$0.05, 4×$0.01 |
$0.45 | 39 | 3 | 1×$0.25, 2×$0.10 |
$0.46 | 39 | 4 | 1×$0.25, 2×$0.10, 1×$0.01 |
$0.47 | 39 | 5 | 1×$0.25, 2×$0.10, 2×$0.01 |
$0.48 | 39 | 6 | 1×$0.25, 2×$0.10, 3×$0.01 |
$0.49 | 39 | 7 | 1×$0.25, 2×$0.10, 4×$0.01 |
$0.50 | 50 | 1 | 1×$0.50 |
$0.51 | 50 | 2 | 1×$0.50, 1×$0.01 |
$0.52 | 50 | 3 | 1×$0.50, 2×$0.01 |
$0.53 | 50 | 4 | 1×$0.50, 3×$0.01 |
$0.54 | 50 | 5 | 1×$0.50, 4×$0.01 |
$0.55 | 62 | 2 | 1×$0.50, 1×$0.05 |
$0.56 | 62 | 3 | 1×$0.50, 1×$0.05, 1×$0.01 |
$0.57 | 62 | 4 | 1×$0.50, 1×$0.05, 2×$0.01 |
$0.58 | 62 | 5 | 1×$0.50, 1×$0.05, 3×$0.01 |
$0.59 | 62 | 6 | 1×$0.50, 1×$0.05, 4×$0.01 |
$0.60 | 77 | 2 | 1×$0.50, 1×$0.10 |
$0.61 | 77 | 3 | 1×$0.50, 1×$0.10, 1×$0.01 |
$0.62 | 77 | 4 | 1×$0.50, 1×$0.10, 2×$0.01 |
$0.63 | 77 | 5 | 1×$0.50, 1×$0.10, 3×$0.01 |
$0.64 | 77 | 6 | 1×$0.50, 1×$0.10, 4×$0.01 |
$0.65 | 93 | 3 | 1×$0.50, 1×$0.10, 1×$0.05 |
$0.66 | 93 | 4 | 1×$0.50, 1×$0.10, 1×$0.05, 1×$0.01 |
$0.67 | 93 | 5 | 1×$0.50, 1×$0.10, 1×$0.05, 2×$0.01 |
$0.68 | 93 | 6 | 1×$0.50, 1×$0.10, 1×$0.05, 3×$0.01 |
$0.69 | 93 | 7 | 1×$0.50, 1×$0.10, 1×$0.05, 4×$0.01 |
$0.70 | 112 | 3 | 1×$0.50, 2×$0.10 |
$0.71 | 112 | 4 | 1×$0.50, 2×$0.10, 1×$0.01 |
$0.72 | 112 | 5 | 1×$0.50, 2×$0.10, 2×$0.01 |
$0.73 | 112 | 6 | 1×$0.50, 2×$0.10, 3×$0.01 |
$0.74 | 112 | 7 | 1×$0.50, 2×$0.10, 4×$0.01 |
$0.75 | 134 | 2 | 1×$0.50, 1×$0.25 |
$0.76 | 134 | 3 | 1×$0.50, 1×$0.25, 1×$0.01 |
$0.77 | 134 | 4 | 1×$0.50, 1×$0.25, 2×$0.01 |
$0.78 | 134 | 5 | 1×$0.50, 1×$0.25, 3×$0.01 |
$0.79 | 134 | 6 | 1×$0.50, 1×$0.25, 4×$0.01 |
$0.80 | 159 | 3 | 1×$0.50, 1×$0.25, 1×$0.05 |
$0.81 | 159 | 4 | 1×$0.50, 1×$0.25, 1×$0.05, 1×$0.01 |
$0.82 | 159 | 5 | 1×$0.50, 1×$0.25, 1×$0.05, 2×$0.01 |
$0.83 | 159 | 6 | 1×$0.50, 1×$0.25, 1×$0.05, 3×$0.01 |
$0.84 | 159 | 7 | 1×$0.50, 1×$0.25, 1×$0.05, 4×$0.01 |
$0.85 | 187 | 3 | 1×$0.50, 1×$0.25, 1×$0.10 |
$0.86 | 187 | 4 | 1×$0.50, 1×$0.25, 1×$0.10, 1×$0.01 |
$0.87 | 187 | 5 | 1×$0.50, 1×$0.25, 1×$0.10, 2×$0.01 |
$0.88 | 187 | 6 | 1×$0.50, 1×$0.25, 1×$0.10, 3×$0.01 |
$0.89 | 187 | 7 | 1×$0.50, 1×$0.25, 1×$0.10, 4×$0.01 |
$0.90 | 218 | 4 | 1×$0.50, 1×$0.25, 1×$0.10, 1×$0.05 |
$0.91 | 218 | 5 | 1×$0.50, 1×$0.25, 1×$0.10, 1×$0.05, 1×$0.01 |
$0.92 | 218 | 6 | 1×$0.50, 1×$0.25, 1×$0.10, 1×$0.05, 2×$0.01 |
$0.93 | 218 | 7 | 1×$0.50, 1×$0.25, 1×$0.10, 1×$0.05, 3×$0.01 |
$0.94 | 218 | 8 | 1×$0.50, 1×$0.25, 1×$0.10, 1×$0.05, 4×$0.01 |
$0.95 | 252 | 4 | 1×$0.50, 1×$0.25, 2×$0.10 |
$0.96 | 252 | 5 | 1×$0.50, 1×$0.25, 2×$0.10, 1×$0.01 |
$0.97 | 252 | 6 | 1×$0.50, 1×$0.25, 2×$0.10, 2×$0.01 |
$0.98 | 252 | 7 | 1×$0.50, 1×$0.25, 2×$0.10, 3×$0.01 |
$0.99 | 252 | 8 | 1×$0.50, 1×$0.25, 2×$0.10, 4×$0.01 |
增加$0.5的硬币之后,找零 $0.94 和$.99就可以少一枚硬币。
增加$0.50硬币只影响比$0.49大的情况,最优的情况,硬币数只减少了一个 (一个$0.5的替换了两个$0.25).
有更好的方案吗? 如果用不同的面值替换$0.5,会有什么样的结果?
将$0.5的硬币替换成下面的情况...
在这个实验中,保留四个通用面值的硬币: $0.01, $0.05, $0.10 and $0.25 。当使用¢N替换的时候会有什么样的结果变化?
下面是结果表. 左边的N代表我们要增加的硬币,用来替换 $0.50。 'Worst' 这一列代表找零的时候最多使用的硬币数。'Worst Values' 表示使用最多硬币找零的金额。最后, 'Average Change size' 是找零的平均的硬币数.
N | Worst | Worst Values | Avg Change Size |
---|---|---|---|
$0.01 | 9 | $0.94, $0.99 | 4.747 |
$0.02 | 7 | $0.93, $0.94, $0.98, $0.99 | 3.939 |
$0.03 | 7 | $0.92, $0.94, $0.97, $0.99 | 3.939 |
$0.04 | 7 | $0.92, $0.97, $0.98 | 3.899 |
$0.05 | 9 | $0.94, $0.99 | 4.747 |
$0.06 | 7 | $0.79, $0.84, $0.89, $0.94, $0.98, $0.99 | 4.061 |
$0.07 | 7 | $0.98 | 3.788 |
$0.08 | 7 | $0.97 | 3.758 |
$0.09 | 7 | $0.92, $0.97 | 3.828 |
$0.10 | 9 | $0.94, $0.99 | 4.747 |
$0.11 | 7 | $0.89, $0.99 | 3.879 |
$0.12 | 6 | $0.78, $0.83, $0.89, $0.91, $0.93, $0.94, $0.96, $0.98 | 3.697 |
$0.13 | 7 | $0.92, $0.97 | 3.838 |
$0.14 | 6 | $0.82, $0.87, $0.91, $0.93, $0.96, $0.97, $0.98 | 3.717 |
$0.15 | 9 | $0.99 | 4.545 |
$0.16 | 6 | $0.79, $0.84, $0.88, $0.93, $0.94, $0.97, $0.99 | 3.768 |
$0.17 | 6 | $0.83, $0.88, $0.91, $0.96, $0.98, $0.99 | 3.636 |
$0.18 | 6 | $0.92, $0.99 | 3.545 |
$0.19 | 6 | $0.91, $0.96, $0.97 | 3.657 |
$0.20 | 8 | $0.84, $0.89, $0.94, $0.99 | 4.394 |
$0.21 | 6 | $0.19, $0.39, $0.59, $0.79, $0.99 | 3.707 |
$0.22 | 6 | $0.19 | 3.525 |
$0.23 | 6 | $0.19, $0.87 | 3.535 |
$0.24 | 6 | $0.19, $0.43, $0.67, $0.91 | 3.657 |
$0.25 | 9 | $0.94, $0.99 | 4.747 |
$0.26 | 6 | $0.19, $0.24, $0.44, $0.49, $0.69, $0.74, $0.94, $0.99 | 3.737 |
$0.27 | 6 | $0.19, $0.24, $0.93, $0.98 | 3.576 |
$0.28 | 6 | $0.19, $0.24, $0.97 | 3.535 |
$0.29 | 6 | $0.19, $0.24, $0.43, $0.48, $0.67, $0.72, $0.82, $0.91, $0.96 | 3.747 |
$0.30 | 8 | $0.99 | 4.192 |
$0.31 | 6 | $0.19, $0.24, $0.49, $0.54, $0.79, $0.84 | 3.626 |
$0.32 | 6 | $0.19, $0.24 | 3.495 |
$0.33 | 6 | $0.19, $0.24 | 3.525 |
$0.34 | 7 | $0.92, $0.97 | 3.869 |
$0.35 | 8 | $0.94 | 4.141 |
$0.36 | 6 | $0.19, $0.24, $0.34, $0.54, $0.59, $0.69, $0.89, $0.94 | 3.667 |
$0.37 | 6 | $0.19, $0.24, $0.34, $0.91, $0.96 | 3.596 |
$0.38 | 6 | $0.19, $0.24, $0.34, $0.67, $0.72 | 3.616 |
$0.39 | 7 | $0.73, $0.97 | 3.828 |
$0.40 | 8 | $0.99 | 4.141 |
$0.41 | 6 | $0.19, $0.24, $0.34, $0.39, $0.59, $0.64, $0.74, $0.79, $0.99 | 3.687 |
$0.42 | 6 | $0.19, $0.24, $0.34, $0.39 | 3.576 |
$0.43 | 6 | $0.19, $0.24, $0.34, $0.39, $0.67, $0.72, $0.82 | 3.657 |
$0.44 | 7 | $0.68, $0.83 | 3.869 |
$0.45 | 8 | $0.89 | 4.141 |
$0.46 | 7 | $0.44, $0.89 | 3.778 |
$0.47 | 7 | $0.44 | 3.677 |
$0.48 | 7 | $0.44, $0.92 | 3.798 |
$0.49 | 8 | $0.93 | 4.141 |
$0.50 | 8 | $0.94, $0.99 | 4.242 |
$0.51 | 7 | $0.44, $0.49, $0.94, $0.99 | 3.939 |
$0.52 | 7 | $0.44, $0.49 | 3.838 |
$0.53 | 7 | $0.44, $0.49, $0.92, $0.97 | 3.939 |
$0.54 | 8 | $0.98 | 4.081 |
$0.55 | 8 | $0.99 | 4.141 |
$0.56 | 7 | $0.44, $0.49, $0.99 | 3.899 |
$0.57 | 7 | $0.44, $0.49 | 3.838 |
$0.58 | 7 | $0.44, $0.49, $0.92, $0.97 | 3.960 |
$0.59 | 7 | $0.44, $0.49, $0.83, $0.93, $0.98 | 4.020 |
$0.60 | 7 | $0.44, $0.49, $0.59, $0.79, $0.84, $0.94, $0.99 | 4.091 |
$0.61 | 7 | $0.44, $0.49, $0.59 | 3.899 |
$0.62 | 7 | $0.44, $0.49, $0.59 | 3.869 |
$0.63 | 7 | $0.44, $0.49, $0.59, $0.97 | 3.939 |
$0.64 | 7 | $0.44, $0.49, $0.59, $0.83, $0.88, $0.98 | 4.051 |
$0.65 | 7 | $0.44, $0.49, $0.59, $0.64, $0.84, $0.89, $0.99 | 4.091 |
$0.66 | 7 | $0.44, $0.49, $0.59, $0.64 | 3.939 |
$0.67 | 7 | $0.44, $0.49, $0.59, $0.64 | 3.929 |
$0.68 | 7 | $0.44, $0.49, $0.59, $0.64, $0.92 | 4.000 |
$0.69 | 7 | $0.44, $0.49, $0.59, $0.64, $0.68, $0.88, $0.93 | 4.091 |
$0.70 | 8 | $0.69 | 4.141 |
$0.71 | 8 | $0.69 | 4.020 |
$0.72 | 8 | $0.69 | 4.020 |
$0.73 | 8 | $0.69 | 4.141 |
$0.74 | 8 | $0.69 | 4.182 |
$0.75 | 8 | $0.69, $0.74 | 4.242 |
$0.76 | 8 | $0.69, $0.74 | 4.141 |
$0.77 | 8 | $0.69, $0.74 | 4.141 |
$0.78 | 8 | $0.69, $0.74 | 4.182 |
$0.79 | 8 | $0.69, $0.74 | 4.202 |
$0.80 | 8 | $0.69, $0.74 | 4.242 |
$0.81 | 8 | $0.69, $0.74 | 4.182 |
$0.82 | 8 | $0.69, $0.74 | 4.202 |
$0.83 | 8 | $0.69, $0.74 | 4.212 |
$0.84 | 8 | $0.69, $0.74 | 4.242 |
$0.85 | 8 | $0.69, $0.74, $0.84 | 4.293 |
$0.86 | 8 | $0.69, $0.74, $0.84 | 4.263 |
$0.87 | 8 | $0.69, $0.74, $0.84 | 4.273 |
$0.88 | 8 | $0.69, $0.74, $0.84 | 4.293 |
$0.89 | 8 | $0.69, $0.74, $0.84 | 4.333 |
$0.90 | 8 | $0.69, $0.74, $0.84, $0.89 | 4.394 |
$0.91 | 8 | $0.69, $0.74, $0.84, $0.89 | 4.384 |
$0.92 | 8 | $0.69, $0.74, $0.84, $0.89 | 4.394 |
$0.93 | 8 | $0.69, $0.74, $0.84, $0.89 | 4.424 |
$0.94 | 8 | $0.69, $0.74, $0.84, $0.89, $0.93 | 4.475 |
$0.95 | 9 | $0.94 | 4.545 |
$0.96 | 9 | $0.94 | 4.545 |
$0.97 | 9 | $0.94 | 4.566 |
$0.98 | 9 | $0.94 | 4.606 |
$0.99 | 9 | $0.94 | 4.667 |
结果
我们能够减少最坏情况下的找赎硬币数,如果用指定的硬币替换$0.50,总共有23种选择: $0.12, $0.14, $0.16, $0.17, $0.18, $0.19, $0.21, $0.22, $0.23, $0.24, $0.26, $0.27, $0.28, $0.29, $0.31, $0.32, $0.33, $0.36, $0.37, $0.38, $0.41, $0.42, $0.43
如果我们用以上任何一种面值的硬币替换 $0.50,我们找零的硬币数最多是6个(比用$0.5减少2个).,那要决定用哪个?
取决于你对“最佳”的定义。可以选用 $0.32,它对应的平均找零的硬币数最少。 另外,如果要减少6个硬币的找零时间,应该选择$0.22的硬币.。使用这种硬币,只有当我们要找零$0.19的时候才会需要6枚硬币,其他的找零金额只需要更少的找零金额。 |
(也可以看到,当N=$0.01, $0.05, $0.10 或者 $0.25, 结果没有变化,也就是说如果增加已有面值的硬币,没有任何意义!)
原文地址:http://datagenetics.com/blog/august22015/index.html