设计模式之状态模式

1.状态模式

     状态模式允许一个对象在其内部状态改变的时候改变其行为，对象看起来好像修改了它的类。

2.状态模式UML图

3.Head First 设计模式的例子

(1)UML图

(2)代码：

State.java

public interface State { 
	public void insertQuarter();
	public void ejectQuarter();
	public void turnCrank();
	public void dispense();
}

WinnerState.java

public class WinnerState implements State {
    GumballMachine gumballMachine;
 
    public WinnerState(GumballMachine gumballMachine) {
        this.gumballMachine = gumballMachine;
    }
 
	public void insertQuarter() {
		System.out.println("Please wait, we're already giving you a Gumball");
	}
 
	public void ejectQuarter() {
		System.out.println("Please wait, we're already giving you a Gumball");
	}
 
	public void turnCrank() {
		System.out.println("Turning again doesn't get you another gumball!");
	}
 
	public void dispense() {
		System.out.println("YOU'RE A WINNER! You get two gumballs for your quarter");
		gumballMachine.releaseBall();
		if (gumballMachine.getCount() == 0) {
			gumballMachine.setState(gumballMachine.getSoldOutState());
		} else {
			gumballMachine.releaseBall();
			if (gumballMachine.getCount() > 0) {
				gumballMachine.setState(gumballMachine.getNoQuarterState());
			} else {
            	System.out.println("Oops, out of gumballs!");
				gumballMachine.setState(gumballMachine.getSoldOutState());
			}
		}
	}
 
	public String toString() {
		return "despensing two gumballs for your quarter, because YOU'RE A WINNER!";
	}
}

SoldState.java

public class SoldState implements State {
    GumballMachine gumballMachine;
 
    public SoldState(GumballMachine gumballMachine) {
        this.gumballMachine = gumballMachine;
    }
       
	public void insertQuarter() {
		System.out.println("Please wait, we're already giving you a gumball");
	}
 
	public void ejectQuarter() {
		System.out.println("Sorry, you already turned the crank");
	}
 
	public void turnCrank() {
		System.out.println("Turning twice doesn't get you another gumball!");
	}
 
	public void dispense() {
		gumballMachine.releaseBall();
		if (gumballMachine.getCount() > 0) {
			gumballMachine.setState(gumballMachine.getNoQuarterState());
		} else {
			System.out.println("Oops, out of gumballs!");
			gumballMachine.setState(gumballMachine.getSoldOutState());
		}
	}
 
	public String toString() {
		return "dispensing a gumball";
	}
}

SoldOutState.java

public class SoldOutState implements State {
    GumballMachine gumballMachine;
 
    public SoldOutState(GumballMachine gumballMachine) {
        this.gumballMachine = gumballMachine;
    }
 
	public void insertQuarter() {
		System.out.println("You can't insert a quarter, the machine is sold out");
	}
 
	public void ejectQuarter() {
		System.out.println("You can't eject, you haven't inserted a quarter yet");
	}
 
	public void turnCrank() {
		System.out.println("You turned, but there are no gumballs");
	}
 
	public void dispense() {
		System.out.println("No gumball dispensed");
	}
 
	public String toString() {
		return "sold out";
	}
}

NoQuarterState.java

public class NoQuarterState implements State {
    GumballMachine gumballMachine;
 
    public NoQuarterState(GumballMachine gumballMachine) {
        this.gumballMachine = gumballMachine;
    }
 
	public void insertQuarter() {
		System.out.println("You inserted a quarter");
		gumballMachine.setState(gumballMachine.getHasQuarterState());
	}
 
	public void ejectQuarter() {
		System.out.println("You haven't inserted a quarter");
	}
 
	public void turnCrank() {
		System.out.println("You turned, but there's no quarter");
	 }
 
	public void dispense() {
		System.out.println("You need to pay first");
	} 
 
	public String toString() {
		return "waiting for quarter";
	}
}

HasQuarterState.java

import java.util.Random;

public class HasQuarterState implements State {
	Random randomWinner = new Random(System.currentTimeMillis());
	GumballMachine gumballMachine;
 
	public HasQuarterState(GumballMachine gumballMachine) {
		this.gumballMachine = gumballMachine;
	}
  
	public void insertQuarter() {
		System.out.println("You can't insert another quarter");
	}
 
	public void ejectQuarter() {
		System.out.println("Quarter returned");
		gumballMachine.setState(gumballMachine.getNoQuarterState());
	}
 
	public void turnCrank() {
		System.out.println("You turned...");
		int winner = randomWinner.nextInt(10);
		if ((winner == 0) && (gumballMachine.getCount() > 1)) {
			gumballMachine.setState(gumballMachine.getWinnerState());
		} else {
			gumballMachine.setState(gumballMachine.getSoldState());
		}
	}

    public void dispense() {
        System.out.println("No gumball dispensed");
    }
 
	public String toString() {
		return "waiting for turn of crank";
	}
}

GumballMachine.java

public class GumballMachine {
 
	State soldOutState;
	State noQuarterState;
	State hasQuarterState;
	State soldState;
	State winnerState;
 
	State state = soldOutState;
	int count = 0;
 
	public GumballMachine(int numberGumballs) {
		soldOutState = new SoldOutState(this);
		noQuarterState = new NoQuarterState(this);
		hasQuarterState = new HasQuarterState(this);
		soldState = new SoldState(this);
		winnerState = new WinnerState(this);

		this.count = numberGumballs;
 		if (numberGumballs > 0) {
			state = noQuarterState;
		} 
	}
 
	public void insertQuarter() {
		state.insertQuarter();
	}
 
	public void ejectQuarter() {
		state.ejectQuarter();
	}
 
	public void turnCrank() {
		state.turnCrank();
		state.dispense();
	}

	void setState(State state) {
		this.state = state;
	}
 
	void releaseBall() {
		System.out.println("A gumball comes rolling out the slot...");
		if (count != 0) {
			count = count - 1;
		}
	}
 
	int getCount() {
		return count;
	}
 
	void refill(int count) {
		this.count = count;
		state = noQuarterState;
	}

    public State getState() {
        return state;
    }

    public State getSoldOutState() {
        return soldOutState;
    }

    public State getNoQuarterState() {
        return noQuarterState;
    }

    public State getHasQuarterState() {
        return hasQuarterState;
    }

    public State getSoldState() {
        return soldState;
    }

    public State getWinnerState() {
        return winnerState;
    }
 
	public String toString() {
		StringBuffer result = new StringBuffer();
		result.append("\nMighty Gumball, Inc.");
		result.append("\nJava-enabled Standing Gumball Model #2004");
		result.append("\nInventory: " + count + " gumball");
		if (count != 1) {
			result.append("s");
		}
		result.append("\n");
		result.append("Machine is " + state + "\n");
		return result.toString();
	}
}

GumballMachineTestDrive.java

public class GumballMachineTestDrive {

	public static void main(String[] args) {
		GumballMachine gumballMachine = 
			new GumballMachine(10);

		System.out.println(gumballMachine);

		gumballMachine.insertQuarter();
		gumballMachine.turnCrank();
		gumballMachine.insertQuarter();
		gumballMachine.turnCrank();

		System.out.println(gumballMachine);

		gumballMachine.insertQuarter();
		gumballMachine.turnCrank();
		gumballMachine.insertQuarter();
		gumballMachine.turnCrank();

		System.out.println(gumballMachine);

		gumballMachine.insertQuarter();
		gumballMachine.turnCrank();
		gumballMachine.insertQuarter();
		gumballMachine.turnCrank();

		System.out.println(gumballMachine);

		gumballMachine.insertQuarter();
		gumballMachine.turnCrank();
		gumballMachine.insertQuarter();
		gumballMachine.turnCrank();

		System.out.println(gumballMachine);

		gumballMachine.insertQuarter();
		gumballMachine.turnCrank();
		gumballMachine.insertQuarter();
		gumballMachine.turnCrank();

		System.out.println(gumballMachine);
	}
}

输出：

Mighty Gumball, Inc.
Java-enabled Standing Gumball Model #2004
Inventory: 10 gumballs
Machine is waiting for quarter

You inserted a quarter
You turned...
A gumball comes rolling out the slot...
You inserted a quarter
You turned...
A gumball comes rolling out the slot...

Mighty Gumball, Inc.
Java-enabled Standing Gumball Model #2004
Inventory: 8 gumballs
Machine is waiting for quarter

You inserted a quarter
You turned...
A gumball comes rolling out the slot...
You inserted a quarter
You turned...
A gumball comes rolling out the slot...

Mighty Gumball, Inc.
Java-enabled Standing Gumball Model #2004
Inventory: 6 gumballs
Machine is waiting for quarter

You inserted a quarter
You turned...
A gumball comes rolling out the slot...
You inserted a quarter
You turned...
A gumball comes rolling out the slot...

Mighty Gumball, Inc.
Java-enabled Standing Gumball Model #2004
Inventory: 4 gumballs
Machine is waiting for quarter

You inserted a quarter
You turned...
A gumball comes rolling out the slot...
You inserted a quarter
You turned...
A gumball comes rolling out the slot...

Mighty Gumball, Inc.
Java-enabled Standing Gumball Model #2004
Inventory: 2 gumballs
Machine is waiting for quarter

You inserted a quarter
You turned...
YOU'RE A WINNER! You get two gumballs for your quarter
A gumball comes rolling out the slot...
A gumball comes rolling out the slot...
Oops, out of gumballs!
You can't insert a quarter, the machine is sold out
You turned, but there are no gumballs
No gumball dispensed

Mighty Gumball, Inc.
Java-enabled Standing Gumball Model #2004
Inventory: 0 gumballs
Machine is sold out

参考资料：

1.设计模式(二十)----- 状态模式(State)----(JAVA版)

http://blog.csdn.net/hfreeman2011/article/details/8498177

2.Head First设计模式（中文版），中国电力出版社出版，O‘REILLY公司译----(385--428页)---状态模式