深入浅出设计模式-012：状态模式（State Pattern）

深入浅出设计模式-012：状态模式（State Pattern）

一：状态模式：允许对象在内部状态改变时改变它的行为，对象看起来好像改变了它的类。
    模式将状态封装成独立的类，并将动作委托到代表当前状态的对象。

二：糖果机
    首先，定义一个STATE接口，在这个接口内，糖果机的每个动作都有一个对应的方法。
    然后为机器中的每个状态实现状态类。这些类将负责在对应的状态下进行机器的行为。
    最要，我们要摆脱旧的条件代码，取而代之的方式是将动作委托到状态类。
    让每一个状态“对修改关闭”，让糖果机“多扩展开发”，这样可以加入新的状态类

    class GumballMachine//CONTEXT{
        State soldOutState;
        State noQuarterState;
        State hasQuarterState;
        State soldState;
        State state;
        int count = 0;
        public GumballMachine(int numberGumballs){

            this.soldOutState = new SoldOutState(this);
            this.noQuarterState = new NoQuarterState(this);
            this.hasQuarterState = new HasQuarterState(this);
            this.soldState = new SoldState(this);
            this.count = numberGumballs;
            if (numberGumballs > 0){
                this.state = this.noQuarterState;
            }
            else{
                this.state = this.soldOutState;
            }
        }
        public State StateOfMachine {
            get { return state; }
            set { state = value; }
        }
        public int Count{
            get { return count; }
            set { count = value; }
        }
        public State getSoldOutState{
            get { return soldOutState; }
        }
        public State getNoQuarterState{
            get { return noQuarterState; }
        }
        public State getHasQuarterState{
            get { return hasQuarterState; }
        }
        public State getSoldState{
            get { return soldState; }
        }
        public void insertQuarter(){
            state.insertQuarter();
        }
        public void ejectQuarter(){
            state.ejectQuarter();
        }
        public void turnCrank(){
            state.turnCrank();
        }
        public void dispense(){
            state.dispense();
        }
        public void releaseBall(){
            if (count != 0)
                count -= 1;
        }
    }

    interface State{
        //操作糖果机的四个动作：插入硬币，退回硬币，转动手柄，出糖果
        //糖果机的四个状态：没有硬币，有硬币，售出糖果，糖果售罄
        void insertQuarter();
        void ejectQuarter();
        void turnCrank();
        void dispense();
    }
    class NoQuarterState : State{
        GumballMachine gumballMachine;
        public NoQuarterState(GumballMachine gumballMachine){
            this.gumballMachine = gumballMachine;
        }
        public void insertQuarter() {
            gumballMachine.StateOfMachine = gumballMachine.getHasQuarterState;
        }
        public void ejectQuarter() { }
        public void turnCrank() { }
        public void dispense() { }
    }
    class HasQuarterState : State{       
        GumballMachine gumballMachine;
        public HasQuarterState(GumballMachine gumballMachine){
            this.gumballMachine = gumballMachine;
        }
        public void insertQuarter() { }
        public void ejectQuarter() {
            gumballMachine.StateOfMachine = gumballMachine.getNoQuarterState;
        }
        public void turnCrank(){
            gumballMachine.StateOfMachine = gumballMachine.getSoldState;
        }
        public void dispense() { }
    }
    class SoldState : State{
        GumballMachine gumballMachine;
        public SoldState(GumballMachine gumballMachine){
            this.gumballMachine = gumballMachine;
        }
        public void insertQuarter() { }
        public void ejectQuarter() { }
        public void turnCrank() { }
        public void dispense() {
            gumballMachine.releaseBall();
            if (gumballMachine.Count > 0){
                gumballMachine.StateOfMachine = gumballMachine.getNoQuarterState;
            }
            else{
                gumballMachine.StateOfMachine = gumballMachine.getSoldOutState;
            }
        }
    }
    class SoldOutState : State{      
        GumballMachine gumballMachine;
        public SoldOutState(GumballMachine gumballMachine){
            this.gumballMachine = gumballMachine;
        }
        public void insertQuarter() { }
        public void ejectQuarter() { }
        public void turnCrank() { }
        public void dispense() { }
    }
    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        GumballMachine gumballMachine = new GumballMachine(5);

        gumballMachine.insertQuarter();
        gumballMachine.turnCrank();
    }

三：在状态机中加入新的状态，即在出糖果时，1/10的概率出2个。加起来就很方便了
    可以考虑把WinnerState类的作用直接放入HasQuarterState盅。
    这样没有符合“一个类，一个责任。”
    1： 构建状态类
        class WinnerState : State
        {
            GumballMachine gumballMachine;
            public WinnerState(GumballMachine gumballMachine)
            {
                this.gumballMachine = gumballMachine;
            }
            public void insertQuarter() { }
            public void ejectQuarter() { }
            public void turnCrank() { }
            public void dispense()
            {
                gumballMachine.releaseBall();
                if (gumballMachine.Count == 0)
                {
                    gumballMachine.StateOfMachine = gumballMachine.getSoldOutState;
                }
                else
                {
                    gumballMachine.releaseBall();
                    if (gumballMachine.Count == 0)
                    {
                        gumballMachine.StateOfMachine = gumballMachine.getSoldOutState;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    2： 在GumballMachine中加入状态类
        class GumballMachine//CONTEXT
        {
            State winnerState;
        }
    3： 修改HasQuarterState，有这个状态触发
        class HasQuarterState : State
        {
            Random rand = new Random(DateTime.Now.Second);
            public void turnCrank()
            {
                int winner = rand.Next(10);
                if (winner == 0 && gumballMachine.Count > 1)
                {
                    gumballMachine.StateOfMachine = gumballMachine.getWinnerState;
                }
                else
                {
                    gumballMachine.StateOfMachine = gumballMachine.getSoldState;
                }
            }
            public void dispense() { }
        }

四：状态模式允许一个对象基于内部状态而拥有不同的行为。
    和程序状态机不同，状态模式用类代表状态。
    CONTEXT会将当前行为委托给当前状态对象。
    通过将每个状态封装进一个类，我们把以后需要做的任何改变局部化了。
    状态模式和测试模式拥有相同的雷同，但是他们意图不用。测试模式通常会用行为或算法来配置CONTEXT类。
    状态模式允许CONTEXT随着状态的改变而改变行为。
    状态转换可以由STATE类或CONTEXT类组成
    使用状态模式通常会导致设计中类的数码大量增加
    状态类可以被多个CONTEXT实例共享