/*
* main.c -- the bare scull char module
*
* Copyright (C) 2001 Alessandro Rubini and Jonathan Corbet
* Copyright (C) 2001 O'Reilly & Associates
*
* The source code in this file can be freely used, adapted,
* and redistributed in source or binary form, so long as an
* acknowledgment appears in derived source files. The citation
* should list that the code comes from the book "Linux Device
* Drivers" by Alessandro Rubini and Jonathan Corbet, published
* by O'Reilly & Associates. No warranty is attached;
* we cannot take responsibility for errors or fitness for use.
*
*/
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
/* printk() */ #include
/* kmalloc() */ #include
/* everything... */ #include
/* error codes */ #include
/* size_t */ #include
#include
/* O_ACCMODE */ #include
#include
#include
#include
/* cli(), *_flags */ #include
/* copy_*_user */ #include "scull.h" /* local definitions */ /* * Our parameters which can be set at load time. */ int scull_major = SCULL_MAJOR; int scull_minor = 0; int scull_nr_devs = SCULL_NR_DEVS; /* number of bare scull devices */ int scull_quantum = SCULL_QUANTUM; /*qset节点的量子大小*/ int scull_qset = SCULL_QSET; /*qset节点的量子个数*/ module_param(scull_major, int, S_IRUGO); module_param(scull_minor, int, S_IRUGO); module_param(scull_nr_devs, int, S_IRUGO); module_param(scull_quantum, int, S_IRUGO); module_param(scull_qset, int, S_IRUGO); MODULE_AUTHOR("Alessandro Rubini, Jonathan Corbet"); MODULE_LICENSE("Dual BSD/GPL"); struct scull_dev *scull_devices; /* allocated in scull_init_module */ /* * Empty out the scull device; must be called with the device * semaphore held. */ int scull_trim(struct scull_dev *dev) { struct scull_qset *next, *dptr; int qset = dev->qset; /* "dev" is not-null */ int i; for (dptr = dev->data; dptr; dptr = next) { /* all the list items */ if (dptr->data) { for (i = 0; i < qset; i++) //释放数据的存储空间 kfree(dptr->data[i]); //释放指向数据的指针数组的空间 kfree(dptr->data); dptr->data = NULL; } next = dptr->next; //释放节点的空间 kfree(dptr); } dev->size = 0; dev->quantum = scull_quantum; dev->qset = scull_qset; dev->data = NULL; return 0; } #ifdef SCULL_DEBUG /* use proc only if debugging */ /* * The proc filesystem: function to read and entry */ int scull_read_procmem(char *buf, char **start, off_t offset, int count, int *eof, void *data) { int i, j, len = 0; int limit = count - 80; /* Don't print more than this */ for (i = 0; i < scull_nr_devs && len <= limit; i++) { struct scull_dev *d = &scull_devices[i]; struct scull_qset *qs = d->data; if (down_interruptible(&d->sem)) return -ERESTARTSYS; len += sprintf(buf+len,"\nDevice %i: qset %i, q %i, sz %li\n", i, d->qset, d->quantum, d->size); for (; qs && len <= limit; qs = qs->next) { /* scan the list */ len += sprintf(buf + len, " item at %p, qset at %p\n", qs, qs->data); if (qs->data && !qs->next) /* dump only the last item */ for (j = 0; j < d->qset; j++) { if (qs->data[j]) len += sprintf(buf + len, " % 4i: %8p\n", j, qs->data[j]); } } up(&scull_devices[i].sem); } *eof = 1; return len; } /* * For now, the seq_file implementation will exist in parallel. The * older read_procmem function should maybe go away, though. */ /* * Here are our sequence iteration methods. Our "position" is * simply the device number. */ static void *scull_seq_start(struct seq_file *s, loff_t *pos) { if (*pos >= scull_nr_devs) return NULL; /* No more to read */ return scull_devices + *pos; } static void *scull_seq_next(struct seq_file *s, void *v, loff_t *pos) { (*pos)++; if (*pos >= scull_nr_devs) return NULL; return scull_devices + *pos; } static void scull_seq_stop(struct seq_file *s, void *v) { /* Actually, there's nothing to do here */ } static int scull_seq_show(struct seq_file *s, void *v) { struct scull_dev *dev = (struct scull_dev *) v; struct scull_qset *d; int i; if (down_interruptible(&dev->sem)) return -ERESTARTSYS; seq_printf(s, "\nDevice %i: qset %i, q %i, sz %li\n", (int) (dev - scull_devices), dev->qset, dev->quantum, dev->size); for (d = dev->data; d; d = d->next) { /* scan the list */ seq_printf(s, " item at %p, qset at %p\n", d, d->data); if (d->data && !d->next) /* dump only the last item */ for (i = 0; i < dev->qset; i++) { if (d->data[i]) seq_printf(s, " % 4i: %8p\n", i, d->data[i]); } } up(&dev->sem); return 0; } /* * Tie the sequence operators up. */ static struct seq_operations scull_seq_ops = { .start = scull_seq_start, .next = scull_seq_next, .stop = scull_seq_stop, .show = scull_seq_show }; /* * Now to implement the /proc file we need only make an open * method which sets up the sequence operators. */ static int scull_proc_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) { return seq_open(file, &scull_seq_ops); } /* * Create a set of file operations for our proc file. */ static struct file_operations scull_proc_ops = { .owner = THIS_MODULE, .open = scull_proc_open, .read = seq_read, .llseek = seq_lseek, .release = seq_release }; /* * Actually create (and remove) the /proc file(s). */ static void scull_create_proc(void) { struct proc_dir_entry *entry; create_proc_read_entry("scullmem", 0 /* default mode */, NULL /* parent dir */, scull_read_procmem, NULL /* client data */); entry = create_proc_entry("scullseq", 0, NULL); if (entry) entry->proc_fops = &scull_proc_ops; } static void scull_remove_proc(void) { /* no problem if it was not registered */ remove_proc_entry("scullmem", NULL /* parent dir */); remove_proc_entry("scullseq", NULL); } #endif /* SCULL_DEBUG */ /* * Open and close */ int scull_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp) { struct scull_dev *dev; /* device information */ //使用者通过设备文件打开“设备”,首先访问到的inode，内核分配一个file描述符给使用者 //open函数通过inode找到cdev，然后传给file文件描述符，这样使用者可以通过file描述符操作设备 //inode存储了cdev的指针，根据cdev的指针获取cdev结构体所在的结构体dev的指针， //cdev是dev的一个元素 dev = container_of(inode->i_cdev, struct scull_dev, cdev); filp->private_data = dev; /* for other methods */ /* now trim to 0 the length of the device if open was write-only */ if ( (filp->f_flags & O_ACCMODE) == O_WRONLY) { //获取信号量 if (down_interruptible(&dev->sem)) return -ERESTARTSYS; scull_trim(dev); /* ignore errors */ //释放信号量 up(&dev->sem); } return 0; /* success */ } int scull_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp) { return 0; } /* * Follow the list */ struct scull_qset *scull_follow(struct scull_dev *dev, int n) { struct scull_qset *qs = dev->data; /* Allocate first qset explicitly if need be */ if (! qs) { qs = dev->data = kmalloc(sizeof(struct scull_qset), GFP_KERNEL); if (qs == NULL) return NULL; /* Never mind */ memset(qs, 0, sizeof(struct scull_qset)); } /* Then follow the list */ while (n--) { if (!qs->next) { qs->next = kmalloc(sizeof(struct scull_qset), GFP_KERNEL); if (qs->next == NULL) return NULL; /* Never mind */ memset(qs->next, 0, sizeof(struct scull_qset)); } qs = qs->next; continue; } return qs; } /* * Data management: read and write */ ssize_t scull_read(struct file *filp, char __user *buf, size_t count, loff_t *f_pos) { struct scull_dev *dev = filp->private_data; struct scull_qset *dptr; /* the first listitem */ int quantum = dev->quantum, qset = dev->qset; int itemsize = quantum * qset; /* how many bytes in the listitem */ int item, s_pos, q_pos, rest; ssize_t retval = 0; if (down_interruptible(&dev->sem)) return -ERESTARTSYS; //参数检查 if (*f_pos >= dev->size) goto out; if (*f_pos + count > dev->size) count = dev->size - *f_pos; /* find listitem, qset index, and offset in the quantum */ //item为qset链表的节点号，rest为节点内的数据偏移，s_pos为节点数组的下标，q_pos为节点数组内的数据偏移 item = (long)*f_pos / itemsize; rest = (long)*f_pos % itemsize; s_pos = rest / quantum; q_pos = rest % quantum; /* follow the list up to the right position (defined elsewhere) */ dptr = scull_follow(dev, item); if (dptr == NULL || !dptr->data || ! dptr->data[s_pos]) goto out; /* don't fill holes */ /* read only up to the end of this quantum */ if (count > quantum - q_pos) count = quantum - q_pos; //copy_to_user为内核函数，用于从内核空间copy数据到用户空间 if (copy_to_user(buf, dptr->data[s_pos] + q_pos, count)) { retval = -EFAULT; goto out; } *f_pos += count; retval = count; out: up(&dev->sem); return retval; } ssize_t scull_write(struct file *filp, const char __user *buf, size_t count, loff_t *f_pos) { struct scull_dev *dev = filp->private_data; struct scull_qset *dptr; int quantum = dev->quantum, qset = dev->qset; int itemsize = quantum * qset; int item, s_pos, q_pos, rest; ssize_t retval = -ENOMEM; /* value used in "goto out" statements */ if (down_interruptible(&dev->sem)) return -ERESTARTSYS; /* find listitem, qset index and offset in the quantum */ item = (long)*f_pos / itemsize; rest = (long)*f_pos % itemsize; s_pos = rest / quantum; q_pos = rest % quantum; /* follow the list up to the right position */ dptr = scull_follow(dev, item); if (dptr == NULL) goto out; if (!dptr->data) { dptr->data = kmalloc(qset * sizeof(char *), GFP_KERNEL); if (!dptr->data) goto out; memset(dptr->data, 0, qset * sizeof(char *)); } if (!dptr->data[s_pos]) { dptr->data[s_pos] = kmalloc(quantum, GFP_KERNEL); if (!dptr->data[s_pos]) goto out; } /* write only up to the end of this quantum */ if (count > quantum - q_pos) count = quantum - q_pos; if (copy_from_user(dptr->data[s_pos]+q_pos, buf, count)) { retval = -EFAULT; goto out; } *f_pos += count; retval = count; /* update the size */ if (dev->size < *f_pos) dev->size = *f_pos; out: up(&dev->sem); return retval; } /* * The ioctl() implementation */ int scull_ioctl(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp, unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg) { int err = 0, tmp; int retval = 0; /* * extract the type and number bitfields, and don't decode * wrong cmds: return ENOTTY (inappropriate ioctl) before access_ok() */ if (_IOC_TYPE(cmd) != SCULL_IOC_MAGIC) return -ENOTTY; if (_IOC_NR(cmd) > SCULL_IOC_MAXNR) return -ENOTTY; /* * the direction is a bitmask, and VERIFY_WRITE catches R/W * transfers. `Type' is user-oriented, while * access_ok is kernel-oriented, so the concept of "read" and * "write" is reversed */ if (_IOC_DIR(cmd) & _IOC_READ) err = !access_ok(VERIFY_WRITE, (void __user *)arg, _IOC_SIZE(cmd)); else if (_IOC_DIR(cmd) & _IOC_WRITE) err = !access_ok(VERIFY_READ, (void __user *)arg, _IOC_SIZE(cmd)); if (err) return -EFAULT; switch(cmd) { case SCULL_IOCRESET: scull_quantum = SCULL_QUANTUM; scull_qset = SCULL_QSET; break; case SCULL_IOCSQUANTUM: /* Set: arg points to the value */ if (! capable (CAP_SYS_ADMIN)) return -EPERM; retval = __get_user(scull_quantum, (int __user *)arg); break; case SCULL_IOCTQUANTUM: /* Tell: arg is the value */ if (! capable (CAP_SYS_ADMIN)) return -EPERM; scull_quantum = arg; break; case SCULL_IOCGQUANTUM: /* Get: arg is pointer to result */ retval = __put_user(scull_quantum, (int __user *)arg); break; case SCULL_IOCQQUANTUM: /* Query: return it (it's positive) */ return scull_quantum; case SCULL_IOCXQUANTUM: /* eXchange: use arg as pointer */ if (! capable (CAP_SYS_ADMIN)) return -EPERM; tmp = scull_quantum; retval = __get_user(scull_quantum, (int __user *)arg); if (retval == 0) retval = __put_user(tmp, (int __user *)arg); break; case SCULL_IOCHQUANTUM: /* sHift: like Tell + Query */ if (! capable (CAP_SYS_ADMIN)) return -EPERM; tmp = scull_quantum; scull_quantum = arg; return tmp; case SCULL_IOCSQSET: if (! capable (CAP_SYS_ADMIN)) return -EPERM; retval = __get_user(scull_qset, (int __user *)arg); break; case SCULL_IOCTQSET: if (! capable (CAP_SYS_ADMIN)) return -EPERM; scull_qset = arg; break; case SCULL_IOCGQSET: retval = __put_user(scull_qset, (int __user *)arg); break; case SCULL_IOCQQSET: return scull_qset; case SCULL_IOCXQSET: if (! capable (CAP_SYS_ADMIN)) return -EPERM; tmp = scull_qset; retval = __get_user(scull_qset, (int __user *)arg); if (retval == 0) retval = put_user(tmp, (int __user *)arg); break; case SCULL_IOCHQSET: if (! capable (CAP_SYS_ADMIN)) return -EPERM; tmp = scull_qset; scull_qset = arg; return tmp; /* * The following two change the buffer size for scullpipe. * The scullpipe device uses this same ioctl method, just to * write less code. Actually, it's the same driver, isn't it? */ case SCULL_P_IOCTSIZE: scull_p_buffer = arg; break; case SCULL_P_IOCQSIZE: return scull_p_buffer; default: /* redundant, as cmd was checked against MAXNR */ return -ENOTTY; } return retval; } /* * The "extended" operations -- only seek */ loff_t scull_llseek(struct file *filp, loff_t off, int whence) { struct scull_dev *dev = filp->private_data; loff_t newpos; switch(whence) { case 0: /* SEEK_SET */ newpos = off; break; case 1: /* SEEK_CUR */ newpos = filp->f_pos + off; break; case 2: /* SEEK_END */ newpos = dev->size + off; break; default: /* can't happen */ return -EINVAL; } if (newpos < 0) return -EINVAL; filp->f_pos = newpos; return newpos; } struct file_operations scull_fops = { .owner = THIS_MODULE, .llseek = scull_llseek, .read = scull_read, .write = scull_write, .ioctl = scull_ioctl, .open = scull_open, .release = scull_release, }; /* * Finally, the module stuff */ /* * The cleanup function is used to handle initialization failures as well. * Thefore, it must be careful to work correctly even if some of the items * have not been initialized */ void scull_cleanup_module(void) { int i; dev_t devno = MKDEV(scull_major, scull_minor); /* Get rid of our char dev entries */ if (scull_devices) { //逐个释放各个设备的空间 for (i = 0; i < scull_nr_devs; i++) { scull_trim(scull_devices + i); cdev_del(&scull_devices[i].cdev); } kfree(scull_devices); } #ifdef SCULL_DEBUG /* use proc only if debugging */ scull_remove_proc(); #endif /* cleanup_module is never called if registering failed */ unregister_chrdev_region(devno, scull_nr_devs); /* and call the cleanup functions for friend devices */ scull_p_cleanup(); scull_access_cleanup(); } /* * Set up the char_dev structure for this device. */ static void scull_setup_cdev(struct scull_dev *dev, int index) { int err, devno = MKDEV(scull_major, scull_minor + index); //初始化cdev，绑定对设备的操作函数 cdev_init(&dev->cdev, &scull_fops); dev->cdev.owner = THIS_MODULE; dev->cdev.ops = &scull_fops; /*cdev_init已经对cdev.ops进行赋值了，这个赋值语句可以去掉*/ //注册设备到内核中 err = cdev_add (&dev->cdev, devno, 1); /* Fail gracefully if need be */ if (err) printk(KERN_NOTICE "Error %d adding scull%d", err, index); } int scull_init_module(void) { /*主要做两件事： * 分配和注册设备号 * 初始化和注册cdev */ int result, i; /*dev_t数据类型表示一个设备，包含主设备号和次设备号，dev_t其实是一个int数据类型*/ dev_t dev = 0; /* * Get a range of minor numbers to work with, asking for a dynamic * major unless directed otherwise at load time. */ /*如果设备的主设备号scull_major不为0，表示指定了主设备号 */ if (scull_major) { /*获取设备号*/ dev = MKDEV(scull_major, scull_minor); /*注册设备号，设备名为scull，设备个数为scull_nr_devs*/ result = register_chrdev_region(dev, scull_nr_devs, "scull"); } else { /*没有指定设备号，申请scull_nr_devs个设备号，他们的主设备号是一样的*/ result = alloc_chrdev_region(&dev, scull_minor, scull_nr_devs, "scull"); scull_major = MAJOR(dev); } if (result < 0) { printk(KERN_WARNING "scull: can't get major %d\n", scull_major); return result; } /* * allocate the devices -- we can't have them static, as the number * can be specified at load time */ /*分配scull_nr_devs个scull_dev存储空间，并初始化*/ //因为设备的个数是变化的，所以scull_devices定义为一个指针，动态分配空间 scull_devices = kmalloc(scull_nr_devs * sizeof(struct scull_dev), GFP_KERNEL); if (!scull_devices) { result = -ENOMEM; goto fail; /* Make this more graceful */ } memset(scull_devices, 0, scull_nr_devs * sizeof(struct scull_dev)); /* Initialize each device. */ for (i = 0; i < scull_nr_devs; i++) { scull_devices[i].quantum = scull_quantum; scull_devices[i].qset = scull_qset; //init_MUTEX(&scull_devices[i].sem); sema_init(&scull_devices[i].sem, 1); //binary semaphore //注册设备 scull_setup_cdev(&scull_devices[i], i); } /* At this point call the init function for any friend device */ dev = MKDEV(scull_major, scull_minor + scull_nr_devs); dev += scull_p_init(dev); dev += scull_access_init(dev); #ifdef SCULL_DEBUG /* only when debugging */ scull_create_proc(); #endif return 0; /* succeed */ fail: scull_cleanup_module(); return result; } module_init(scull_init_module); module_exit(scull_cleanup_module);
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