Unit 8 - The New Caves
Would you choose to live underground if you could gain many advantages from doing so? Weather would no longer trouble you. Temperature would remain the same all the year round. Artificial lighting could make the rhythm of our life uniform everywhere. And the ecology of the natural world above ground would be greatly improved. Still, the prospect of moving underground may not be appealing to many people.
THE NEW CAVES
Isaac Asimov
During the ice ages, human beings exposed to the colder temperatures of the time would often make their homes in caves. There they found greater comfort and security than they would have in the open.
We still live in caves called houses, again for comfort and security. Virtually no one would willingly sleep on the ground under the stars. Is it possible that someday we may seek to add further to our comfort and security by building our houses underground -- in new, manmade caves?
It may not seem a palatable suggestion, at first though. We have so many evil associations with the underground. In our myths and legends, the underground is the realm of evil spirits and of the dead, and is often the location of an afterlife of torment. (This may be because dead bodies are buried underground, and because volcanic eruptions make the underground appear to be a hellish place of fire and noxious gases.)
Yet there are advantages to underground life, too, and something to be said for imagining whole cities, even mankind generally, moving downward; of having the outermost mile of the Earth's crust honeycombed with passages and structures, like a gigantic ant hill.
First, weather would no longer be important, since, it is primarily a phenomenon of the atmosphere. Rain, snow, sleet, fog would not trouble the underground world. Even temperature variations are limited to the open surface and would not exist underground. Whether day or night, summer or winter, temperatures in the underground world remain equable and nearly constant. The vast amounts of energy now expended in warming our surface surroundings when they are too cold, and cooling them when they are too warm, could be saved. The damage done to manmade structures and to human beings by weather would be gone. Transportation over local distances would be simplified. (Earthquakes would remain a danger, of course.)
Second, local time would no longer be important. On the surface, the tyranny of day and night cannot be avoided, and when it is morning in one place, it is noon in another, evening in still another and midnight in yet another. The rhythm of human life therefore varies from place to place. Underground, where there is no externally produced day, but only perpetual darkness, it would be artificial lighting that produces the day and this could be adjusted to suit man's convenience.
The whole world could be on eight-hour shifts, starting and ending on the stroke everywhere, at least as far as business and community endeavors were concerned. This could be important in a freely mobile world. Air transportation over long distances would no longer have entail "jet lag." Individuals landing on another coast or another continent would find the society they reached geared to the same time of day as at home.
Third, the ecological structure could be stabilized. To a certain extent, mankind encumbers the Earth. It is not only his enormous numbers that take up room; more so, it is all the structures he builds to house himself and his machines, to make possible his transportation and communication, to offer him rest and recreation. All these things distort the wild, depriving many species of plants and animals of their natural habitat -- and sometimes, involuntarily, favoring a few, such as rats and roaches.
If the works of man were removed below ground -- and, mind you, below the level of the natural world of the burrowing animals —— man would still occupy the surface with his farms, his forestry, his observation towers, his air terminals and so on, but the extent of that occupation would be enormously decreased. Indeed, as one imagines the underground world to become increasingly elaborate, one can visualize much of the food supply eventually deriving from hydroponic growth in artificially illuminated areas underground. The Earth's surface might be increasingly turned over to park and to wilderness, maintained at ecological stability.
Fourth, nature would be closer. It might seem that to withdraw underground is to withdraw from the natural world, but would that be so? Would the withdrawal be more complete than it is now, when so many people work in city buildings that are often windowless and artificially conditioned? Even where there are windows, what is the prospect one views (if one bothers to) but sun, sky, and buildings to the horizon -- plus some limited greenery?
And to get away from the city now? To reach the real countryside? One must travel horizontally for miles, first across city pavements and then across suburban sprawls.
In an underworld culture, the countryside would be right there, a few hundred yards above the upper level of the cities -- wherever you are. The surface would have to be protected from too frequent, or too intense, or too careless visiting, but however carefully restricted the upward trips might be, the chances are that the dwellers of the new caves would see more greenery, under ecologically healthier conditions, than dwellers of surface cities to today.
However odd and repulsive underground living may seem at first thought, there are things to be said for it -- and I haven't even said them all.
参考译文——新洞穴
如果你能从中获得很多好处，你会选择住在地下吗？天气再也不会带来麻烦。全年恒温。人造光源使全世界的生活节奏保持一致。地面上自然世界的生态将大幅改善。虽然移居地下的前景对很多人来说并不具吸引力，艾萨克·阿西摩夫却对此十分热衷。
新洞穴
艾萨克·阿西摩夫
在冰河时代，人类当时面临较为寒冷的气温，常常在洞穴里安家。他们发现在洞里生活要比在野外更舒适，更安全。
我们现今仍然住在被称作房子的洞穴里，目的还是为了舒适和安全。事实上，没有人愿意露宿在星空下的野地里。会不会有朝一日为了更加舒适和安全起见，我们把房屋建造在地下，建造在新的人造洞穴里呢？
乍一想来，这一建议似乎并不可取。说起地下，我们会产生许许多多不愉快的联想。在神话和传说里，地下是魔鬼和亡灵的世界，它常常是人们死后遭受折磨的地方。（这可能因为尸体总是埋在地下的缘故，而火山爆发又给人们一种印象，似乎地下充满着火与毒气，如同地狱一般。）
然而生活在地下也有其有利之处，设想将整座城市，乃至全人类搬入地下是有一定的道理的。如果将地壳最表层一英里厚的地方筑满通道和建筑物，就像一个巨大的蚁冢，这会给人类带来各种好处。
首先，气候将变得无关紧要，因为它主要是大气层的一种现象。雨、雪、霰、雾将不会给地下世界带来麻烦。甚至气温的变化也局限于露天地表，而在地下则不存在这种变化。不论白天黑夜，炎夏寒冬，地下世界的温度将保持平稳，近乎恒温。如今，当我们的地表环境太冷时，则需要取暖，而太暖时，又需降温，耗费大量的能量。若搬到地下生活，则统统可以省去。天气对人造的建筑物以及人类本身的损害将不复存在。地区性的交通问题也将大为简化。（当然，地震将依然是个危险。）
其次，地方时间将无关紧要。地球表面昼夜分明，谁也无法避免，一处是早晨，另一处是中午，再一处是黄昏，又一处是午夜。所以人类生活的节奏因地而异。在地下，没有外界生成的白天，而只有永恒的黑暗，人工照明形成白昼，这就可以根据人的需要加以调整。
整个世界都可以实行八小时轮班制，各地都可能做到同时上班，同时下班，至少公务活动和社会活动可以如此。这对于一个自由流动的社会来说极为重要。乘飞机长途旅行将不会再引起“时差反应”。抵达大洋彼岸或另一片大陆的人会发现他们所到的那个社会与自己家乡一样都是按照同一时间运行的。
第三，生态结构将会稳定下来。在一定程度上，人类拖累了地球。这不仅仅是指众多的人口占据了地球的空间，更多的是指人类为住家和安装机器构筑的房子，为交通运输、为休息、娱乐建造的各种设施。这一切致使荒野面目全非，剥夺了许多种动植物栖息、生长的天然场所——有时候，无意中还促进了诸如老鼠和蟑螂之类的某些生物的繁衍。
如果人类的建筑物都搬到地下——请注意，要搬到穴居动物生活的地层以下——人类仍将占据地球表面，种地、植林、造了望台和航空站等等，但占有的程度将大大减小。的确，可以想见随着地下世界变得越来越精巧复杂，大部分食物将最终来自地下人工照明地区的水栽生物。地球表面有可能越来越多地让位于公园和荒野，从而得以维持生态平衡稳定。
第四，人们与自然界的距离将会缩短。退到地下，看起来似乎是远离了自然界，但果真如此吗? 现今，这么多人在城市的建筑物内工作，那里常常没有窗户，而靠人工调节一切。即便有窗户，你又能看到什么呢（如果你肯费心看一看的话）无非是太阳，天空，以及一直伸展到天边的建筑物——外加一点有限的绿色草木而已。搬到地下以后，与自然界隔绝的情况还会胜过于此吗?
现在你想离开城市吗? 到真正的乡村去吗? 你必须旅行数英里，先得走过城市的街道，然后还得走过郊区杂乱无章的建筑群。
在地下世界文化中，乡村就在城市上面几百码远的地方——不管你在哪里都是这样。地表当然必须得到保护，不允许过分频繁地、过分集中地、或过分随便地参观访问，但不管对向上的旅行作出多么认真的限制，新洞穴里的居民们将有可能比今天地面城市的居民在更为健康的生态环境下生活，并见到更多的青枝绿叶。
尽管地下生活乍想起来多么的奇怪和不那么令人喜欢，它的好处可以举出好多，而我在这里只不过是略说一二。
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