资料整理——Oracle基本概念、术语（Glossary from Oracle Concepts）——第五部分

有很多IT术语似乎找不到对应的中文翻译。但在我看来，任何概念、术语，如果不能用简洁、明确的中文去描述的话，不能说明我们已经真正理解、掌握了这个概念。

概念	中文	描述
distributed database	分布式数据库	A set of databases in a distributed system that can appear to applications as a single data source.
distributed environment	分布式环境	A network of disparate systems that seamlessly communicate with each other.
distributed processing	分布式处理	The operations that occur when an application distributes its tasks among different computers in a network.
distributed transaction	分布式事务	A transaction that includes statements that, individually or as a group, update data on nodes of a distributed database. Oracle Database ensures the integrity of data in distributed transactions using the two-phase commit mechanism.
DML (Data manipulation language)	数据操作语言	Includes statements such as SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE.
DML lock	DML锁	A lock that prevents destructive interference of simultaneous conflicting DML or DDL operations. DML statements automatically acquire row locks and table locks.
dynamic performance view	动态性能视图	A special views that is continuously updated while a database is open and in use. The dynamic performance views are sometimes called V$ views.
dynamic SQL	动态SQL	SQL whose complete text is not known until run time. Dynamic SQL statements are stored in character strings that are entered into, or built by, the program at run time.
edition	版本	A private environment in which you can redefine database objects. Edition-based redefinition enables you to upgrade an application's database objects while the application is in use, thus minimizing or eliminating downtime.
encryption	加密	The process of transforming data into an unreadable format using a secret key and an encryption algorithm.
equijoin	等值连接	A join with a join condition containing an equality operator.
ETL (Extraction, transformation, and loading)	ETL（提取/转换/加载）	The process of extracting data from source systems and bringing it into a data warehouse.
exclusive lock	排它锁	A lock that prevents the associated resource from being shared. The first transaction to obtain an exclusive lock on a resource is the only transaction that can alter the resource until the lock is released.
executable SQL statement	可执行SQL语句	A SQL statement that generates calls to a database instance, including DML and DDL statements and the SET TRANSACTION statement.
execution plan	执行计划	The combination of steps used by the database to execute a SQL statement. Each step either retrieves rows of data physically from the database or prepares them for the user issuing the statement. You can override execution plans by using a hint.
expression	表达式	A combination of one or more values, operators, and SQL functions that resolves to a value. For example, the expression 2*2 evaluates to 4. In general, expressions assume the data type of their components.
extent	数据扩展	Multiple contiguous data blocks allocated for storing a specific type of information. A segment is made up of one or more extents. See also data block.
external table	外部表	A read-only table whose metadata is stored in the database but whose data in stored in files outside the database. The database uses the metadata describing external tables to expose their data as if they were relational tables.
fact	事实	Data that represents a business measure, such as sales or cost data.
fact table	事实表	A table in a star schema of a data warehouse that contains factual data. A fact table typically has two types of columns: those that contain facts and those that are foreign keys to dimension tables.
fast full index scan	快速全索引扫描	A full index scan in which the database reads all the blocks in the index using multiblock reads, and then discards the branch blocks, returning the index blocks in no particular order.
fast recovery area	快速恢复区	An optional disk location that stores recovery-related files such as control file and online redo log copies, archived redo log files, flashback logs, and RMAN backups.
fault tolerance	容错	The protection provided by a high availability architecture against the failure of a component in the architecture.
field	字段	In a table, the intersection of a row and column.
file system	文件系统	A data structure built inside a contiguous disk address space.
fine-grained auditing	细粒度审计	A type of database auditing that enables you to audit specific table columns, and to associate event handlers during policy creation.
fixed SGA	固定SGA	An internal housekeeping area that contains a variety of information, including general information about the state of the database and the instance, and information communicated between processes.
FBDA (flashback data archive process)	闪回数据存档进程	The background process that archives historical rows of tracked tables into Flashback Data Archives. When a transaction containing DML on a tracked table commits, this process stores the pre-image of the changed rows into the Flashback Data Archive. It also keeps metadata on the current rows.
force full database caching mode	强制全库缓存模式	The caching mode that is manually enabled by executing the ALTER DATABASE ... FORCE FULL DATABASE CACHING statement. Unlike in the default caching mode, Oracle Database caches the entire database, LOBs specified with the NOCACHE attribute.
foreign key	外键	An integrity constraint that requires each value in a column or set of columns to match a value in the unique or primary key for a related table. Integrity constraints for foreign keys define actions dictating database behavior if referenced data is altered.
foreign key constraint	外键约束	A constraint in which Oracle Database enforces the relationship between two tables that contain one or more common columns. The constraint requires that for each value in the column on which the constraint is defined, the value in the other specified other table, and column must match. For example, a referential integrity rule might state that an employee can only work for an existing department.
format model	格式模型	A character literal that describes the format of a datetime in a character string.
free list	释放列表	A linked list called a free list to manage free space in a segment in manual segment space management (MSSM). For a database object that has free space, a free list keeps track of blocks under the high water mark, which is the dividing line between segment space that is used and not yet used. As blocks are used, the database puts blocks on or removes blocks from the free list as needed.
full index scan	全索引扫描	An index scan in which the database reads only the root and left side branch blocks to find the first leaf block, and then reads the leaf blocks in index sorted order using single block I/O.
full outer join	全外连接	A join between two tables that returns the result of an inner join and the result of a left outer join and a right outer join.
full table scan	全表扫描	A scan of table data in which the database sequentially reads all rows from a table and filters out those that do not meet the selection criteria. The database scans all formatted data blocks under the high water mark (HWM).
function	函数	A schema object, similar to a PL/SQL procedure, that always returns a single value.
function-based index	基于函数的索引	An index that computes the value of a function or expression involving one or more columns and stores it in the index.