资料整理——Oracle基本概念、术语（Glossary from Oracle Concepts）——第八部分

有时，人与人之间不能有效沟通，很可能是大家没有一个统一的概念库。

甚至是，我们说着很多时髦的话，却不一定真正理解自己说的话，因为我们连基本的概念都没弄懂或者一知半解。

latch sleeping	闩锁休眠	The phenomenon that occurs when a process releases the CPU before renewing the latch request.
latch spinning	闩锁自旋	The phenomenon that occurs when a process repeatedly requests a latch in a loop.
leaf block	叶块	In a B-tree index, a lower-level block that stores index entries. The upper-level branch blocks of a B-tree index contain index data that points to lower-level index blocks.
left outer join	左外连接	The result of a left outer join for table A and B contains all records of the left table A, even if the join condition does not match a record in the right table B. For example, if you perform a left outer join of employees (left) to departments (right), and if some employees are not in a department, then the query returns rows from employees with no matches in departments.
library cache	库缓存	An area of memory in the shared pool. This cache includes the shared SQL areas, private SQL areas (in a shared server configuration), PL/SQL procedures and packages, and control structures such as locks and library cache handles.
list partitioning	列表分区	In partitioning strategy that uses a list of discrete values as the partition key for each partition. You can use list partitioning to control how individual rows map to specific partitions. By using lists, you can group and organize related sets of data when the key used to identify them is not conveniently ordered.
listener	监听程序 (listener)	A process that listens for incoming client connection requests and manages network traffic to the database.
listener registration process	监听程序注册进程	The process that registers information about the database instance and dispatcher processes with the Oracle Net listener.
literal	立即数（字面值）	A fixed data value.
LOB (Large object)	大对象	Large Objects include the following SQL datatypes: BLOB, CLOB, NCLOB, and BFILE. These datatypes are designed for storing data that is large in size.
local partitioned index	本地分区索引	An index partitioned on the same columns, with the same number of partitions and the same partition bounds as its table. A one-to-one parity exists between index partitions and table partitions.
local role	本地角色	In a CDB, a role that exists only in a single PDB, just as a role in a non-CDB exists only in the non-CDB. Unlike a common role, a local role may only contain roles and privileges that apply within the container in which the role exists.
local user	本地用户	In a multitenant container database (CDB), any user that is not a common user.
locale	语言环境 (locale)	Within the context of globalization support, a linguistic and cultural environment in which a system or program is running.
locally managed tablespace	本地管理的表空间	A tablespace that uses a bitmap stored in each data file to manage the extents. In contrast, a dictionary-managed tablespace uses the data dictionary to manage space.
lock	锁定	A database mechanism that prevents destructive interaction between transactions accessing a shared resource such as a table, row, or system object not visible to users. The main categories of locks are DML locks, DDL locks, and latches and internal locks.
lock conversion	锁转换	The automatic conversion of a table lock of lower restrictiveness to one of higher restrictiveness. For example, suppose a transaction issues a SELECT ... FOR UPDATE for an employee and later updates the locked row. In this case, the database automatically converts the row share table lock to a row exclusive table lock.
lock escalation	锁升级（Oracle中不允许）	A situation that occurs in some databases when numerous locks are held at one level of granularity (for example, rows) and the database raises the locks to a higher level of granularity (for example, table). Oracle Database never escalates locks.
log sequence number	日志序列号	A number that uniquely identifies a set of redo records in a redo log file. When the database fills one online redo log file and switches to a different one, the database automatically assigns the new file a log sequence number.
log switch	日志切换	The point at which the log writer process (LGWR) stops writing to the active redo log file and switches to the next available redo log file. LGWR switches when either the active redo log file is filled with redo records or a switch is manually initiated.
LGWR (log writer process)	LGWR (日志写入程序进程)	The background process responsible for redo log buffer management—writing the redo log buffer to the online redo log. LGWR writes all redo entries that have been copied into the buffer since the last time it wrote.
logical I/O	逻辑I/O	Reads and writes of buffers in the database buffer cache.
logical read	逻辑读	A read of a buffer in the database buffer cache.
logical rowid	逻辑rowid	A rowid for an index-organized table. A logical rowid is a base64-encoded representation of a table primary key.
logical transaction ID	逻辑事务ID	A globally unique identifier that defines a transaction from the application perspective. The logical transaction ID is bound to the database transaction ID.
logical volume	逻辑卷	A virtual disk partition.
LVM (logical volume manager)	LVM（逻辑卷管理程序）	A software package, available with most operating systems, that enables pieces of multiple physical disks to be combined into a single contiguous address space that appears as one disk to higher layers of software.
lookup table	查询表	A table containing a code column and an associated value column. For example, a job code corresponds to a job name. In contrast to a master table in a pair of master-detail tables, a lookup table is not the means to obtain a detailed result set, such as a list of employees. Rather, a user queries a table such as employees for an employee list and then joins the result set to the lookup table.
lost update	更新丢失	A data integrity problem in which one writer of data overwrites the changes of a different writer modifying the same data.
MMON (manageability monitor process)	MMON （可管理性监控进程）	The background process that performs many tasks related to the Automatic Workload Repository (AWR). For example, MMON writes when a metric violates its threshold value, taking snapshots, and capturing statistics value for recently modified SQL objects.
mantissa	浮点数的有效数字部分	The part of a floating-point number that contains its significant digits.
MSSM (manual segment space management)	MSSM（手动段空间管理）	A legacy space management method that uses a linked list called a free list to manage free space in a segment.
manual undo management mode	手动撤销管理模式	A mode of the database in which undo blocks are stored in user-managed undo segments. In automatic undo management mode, undo blocks are stored in a system-managed, dedicated undo tablespaces.
master database	主数据库	In replication, the source of the data that is copied to a subscriber database. The replication agent on the master database reads the records from the transaction log for the master database. It forwards changes to replicated elements to the replication agent on the subscriber database. The replication agent on the subscriber database then applies the updates.
master-detail tables	主-子表	A detail table has a foreign key relationship with a master table. For example, the employees detail table has a foreign key to the departments master table. Unlike a lookup table, a master table is typically queried and then joined to the detail table. For example, a user may query a department in the departments table and then use this result to find the employees in this department.
master site	主站点	In a replication environment, a different database with which a materialized view shares data.
master table	主表	In a replication environment, the table associated with a materialized view at a master site.
materialized view	物化视图	A schema object that stores the result of a query. Oracle materialized views can be read-only or updatable. See also view.
media recovery	介质恢复	The application of redo or incremental backups to a data block or backup data file.
metadata link	元数据链接	In a PDB, an internal mechanism that points to a dictionary object definition stored in the root. For example, the OBJ$ table in each PDB uses a metadata link to point to the definition of OBJ$ stored in the root.