c++ 中ref 和引用的区别

c++ 中 本身可以使用 & 来实现引用 ，那为什么还会出现ref 呢？

ref：

int f2(int &c){
    c++;
    cout<<"in function c = " << c<<endl;
}

int main(){
    int c = 10;
    f2(ref(c));
    cout<<" out function c = " <<c <<endl;
}

&: 

int f2(int &c){
    c++;
    cout<<"in function c = " << c<<endl;
}

int main(){
    int c = 10;
    f2(c);
    cout<<" out function c = " <<c <<endl;
}

这两个得到的结果是一样的，那到底有什么区别呢？

当在使用std::bind时，是对参数直接拷贝，而不是引用。如下例子：

#include <iostream>
#include <functional>

using namespace std;


void f(int &a,int &b,int &c){
    cout<<"in function a = "<<a<<"  b = "<<b<<"  c = "<<c<<endl;
    cout<<"in function a = "<<&a<<"  b = "<<&b<<"  c = "<<&c<<endl;
    a += 1;
    b += 10;
    c += 100;
}
 
int main(){
 
    int n1 = 1 ,n2 = 10,n3 = 100;
 
    function<void()> f1 = bind(f,n1,n2,ref(n3));
        
    f1();
    cout<<"out function a = "<<n1<<"  b = "<<n2<<"  c = "<<n3<<endl;
    cout<<"out function a = "<<&n1<<"  b = "<<&n2<<"  c = "<<&n3<<endl;
    f1();
    cout<<"out function a = "<<n1<<"  b = "<<n2<<"  c = "<<n3<<endl;
    cout<<"out function a = "<<&n1<<"  b = "<<&n2<<"  c = "<<&n3<<endl;
 
    return 0;

}

输出：

in function a = 1  b = 10  c = 100
in function a = 0x56321f137c34  b = 0x56321f137c30  c = 0x7ffc5f2cbacc
out function a = 1  b = 10  c = 200
out function a = 0x7ffc5f2cbac4  b = 0x7ffc5f2cbac8  c = 0x7ffc5f2cbacc
in function a = 2  b = 20  c = 200
in function a = 0x56321f137c34  b = 0x56321f137c30  c = 0x7ffc5f2cbacc
out function a = 1  b = 10  c = 300
out function a = 0x7ffc5f2cbac4  b = 0x7ffc5f2cbac8  c = 0x7ffc5f2cbacc

在这里我们可以发现，在用bind的时候，如果不用ref，那么调用时函数里外就不是相同的地址，而使用ref的话，其地址在函数里外都是相同的。

ref能用包装类型reference_wrapper来代替原本会被识别的值类型，而reference_wrapper能隐式转换为被引用的值的引用类型。 

不仅仅是在使用bind时，在使用thread进行编程时，也会发生这样的问题，thread的方法传递引用的时候，必须外层用ref来进行引用传递，否则会编译出错。

void method(int & a){ a += 5;}

using namespace std;
int main(){

    int a = 0;
    thread th(method,ref(a));
    th.join();
    cout << a <<endl;
    //thread th2(method,a);  //去掉注释会编译出错
    //th2.join();
    cout << a <<endl;
    return 0;
}