FrameBuffer通常作为LCD控制器或者其他显示设备的驱动,FrameBuffer驱动是一个字符设备,设备节点是/dev/fbX,主设备号为29,次设备号递增,用户可以将Framebuffer看成是显示内存的一个映像,将其映射到进程地址空间之后,就可以直接进行读写操作,而写操作可以立即反应在屏幕上。这种操作是抽象的,统一的。用户不必关心物理显存的位置、换页机制等等具体细节。这些都是由Framebuffer设备驱动来完成的。Framebuffer设备为上层应用程序提供系统调用,也为下一层的特定硬件驱动提供接口;那些底层硬件驱动需要用到这儿的接口来向系统内核注册它们自己。
Linux中的PCI设备可以将其控制寄存器映射到物理内存空间,而后,对这些控制寄存器的访问变成了对理内存的访问,因此,这些寄存器又被称为"memio"。一旦被映射到物理内存,Linux的普通进程就可以通过mmap将这些内存I/O映射到进程地址空间,这样就可以直接访问这些寄存器了。
FrameBuffer设备属于字符设备,采用了文件层—驱动层的接口方式,Linux为帧缓冲设备定义了驱动层的接口fb_info结构,在文件层上,用户调用file_operations的函数操作,间接调用fb_info中的fb_ops函数集来操作硬件。
Framebuffer数据结构
kernel\include\linux\fb.h
fb_info是Linux为帧缓冲设备定义的驱动层接口。它不仅包含了底层函数,而且还有记录设备状态的数据。每个帧缓冲设备都与一个fb_info结构相对应。
struct fb_info {
atomic_t count;
int node; /*一个FrameBuffer设备的次设备号*/
int flags;
struct mutex lock; /* Lock for open/release/ioctl funcs */
struct mutex mm_lock; /* Lock for fb_mmap and smem_* fields */
struct fb_var_screeninfo var;/* Current var */
struct fb_fix_screeninfo fix;/* Current fix */
struct fb_monspecs monspecs;/* Current Monitor specs */
struct work_struct queue; /* Framebuffer event queue */
struct fb_pixmap pixmap; /* Image hardware mapper */
struct fb_pixmap sprite; /* Cursor hardware mapper */
struct fb_cmap cmap; /* Current cmap */
struct list_head modelist; /* mode list */
struct fb_videomode *mode; /* current mode */
#ifdef CONFIG_FB_BACKLIGHT
struct backlight_device *bl_dev;
/* Backlight level curve */
struct mutex bl_curve_mutex;
u8 bl_curve[FB_BACKLIGHT_LEVELS];
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_FB_DEFERRED_IO
struct delayed_work deferred_work;
struct fb_deferred_io *fbdefio;
#endif
struct fb_ops *fbops;
struct device *device; /* This is the parent */
struct device *dev; /* This is this fb device */
int class_flag; /* private sysfs flags */
#ifdef CONFIG_FB_TILEBLITTING
struct fb_tile_ops *tileops;/* Tile Blitting */
#endif
char __iomem *screen_base; /* Virtual address */
unsigned long screen_size; /* Amount of ioremapped VRAM or 0 */
void *pseudo_palette; /* Fake palette of 16 colors */
#define FBINFO_STATE_RUNNING 0
#define FBINFO_STATE_SUSPENDED 1
u32 state; /* Hardware state i.e suspend */
void *fbcon_par; /* fbcon use-only private area */
void *par;
struct apertures_struct {
unsigned int count;
struct aperture {
resource_size_t base;
resource_size_t size;
} ranges[0];
} *apertures;
};
fb_var_screeninfo:用于记录用户可修改的显示控制器参数,包括屏幕分辨率、每个像素点的比特数等
struct fb_var_screeninfo {
__u32 xres; /* 行可见像素*/
__u32 yres; /* 列可见像素*/
__u32 xres_virtual; /* 行虚拟像素*/
__u32 yres_virtual; /* 列虚拟像素*/
__u32 xoffset; /* 水平偏移量*/
__u32 yoffset; /* 垂直偏移量*/
__u32 bits_per_pixel;/*每个像素所占bit位数*/
__u32 grayscale; /* 灰色刻度*/
struct fb_bitfield red; /* bitfield in fb mem if true color, */
struct fb_bitfield green; /* else only length is significant */
struct fb_bitfield blue;
struct fb_bitfield transp; /* transparency */
__u32 nonstd; /* != 0 Non standard pixel format */
__u32 activate; /* see FB_ACTIVATE_* */
__u32 height; /* 图像高度*/
__u32 width; /* 图像宽度*/
__u32 accel_flags; /* (OBSOLETE) see fb_info.flags */
__u32 pixclock; /* pixel clock in ps (pico seconds) */
__u32 left_margin; /* time from sync to picture */
__u32 right_margin; /* time from picture to sync */
__u32 upper_margin; /* time from sync to picture */
__u32 lower_margin;
__u32 hsync_len; /* length of horizontal sync */
__u32 vsync_len; /* length of vertical sync */
__u32 sync; /* see FB_SYNC_* */
__u32 vmode; /* see FB_VMODE_* */
__u32 rotate; /* angle we rotate counter clockwise */
__u32 reserved[5]; /* Reserved for future compatibility */
};
fb_fix_screeninfo:记录了用户不能修改的显示控制器的参数,这些参数是在驱动初始化时设置的
struct fb_fix_screeninfo {
char id[16]; /* identification string eg "TT Builtin" */
unsigned long smem_start;/* Start of frame buffer mem */
__u32 smem_len; /* Length of frame buffer mem */
__u32 type; /* see FB_TYPE_* */
__u32 type_aux; /* Interleave for interleaved Planes */
__u32 visual; /* see FB_VISUAL_* */
__u16 xpanstep; /* zero if no hardware panning */
__u16 ypanstep; /* zero if no hardware panning */
__u16 ywrapstep; /* zero if no hardware ywrap */
__u32 line_length; /* length of a line in bytes */
unsigned long mmio_start;/* Start of Memory Mapped I/O */
__u32 mmio_len; /* Length of Memory Mapped I/O */
__u32 accel; /* Indicate to driver which */
__u16 reserved[3]; /* Reserved for future compatibility */
};
fb_ops是提供给底层设备驱动的一个接口。当我们编写一个FrameBuffer的时候,就要依照Linux FrameBuffer编程的套路,填写fb_ops结构体。
struct fb_ops {
/* open/release and usage marking */
struct module *owner;
int (*fb_open)(struct fb_info *info, int user);
int (*fb_release)(struct fb_info *info, int user);
/* For framebuffers with strange non linear layouts or that do not
* work with normal memory mapped access
*/
ssize_t (*fb_read)(struct fb_info *info, char __user *buf,
size_t count, loff_t *ppos);
ssize_t (*fb_write)(struct fb_info *info, const char __user *buf,
size_t count, loff_t *ppos);
/* checks var and eventually tweaks it to something supported,
* DO NOT MODIFY PAR */
int (*fb_check_var)(struct fb_var_screeninfo *var, struct fb_info *info);
/* set the video mode according to info->var */
int (*fb_set_par)(struct fb_info *info);
/* set color register */
int (*fb_setcolreg)(unsigned regno, unsigned red, unsigned green,
unsigned blue, unsigned transp, struct fb_info *info);
/* set color registers in batch */
int (*fb_setcmap)(struct fb_cmap *cmap, struct fb_info *info);
/* blank display */
int (*fb_blank)(int blank, struct fb_info *info);
/* pan display */
int (*fb_pan_display)(struct fb_var_screeninfo *var, struct fb_info *info);
/* Draws a rectangle */
void (*fb_fillrect) (struct fb_info *info, const struct fb_fillrect *rect);
/* Copy data from area to another */
void (*fb_copyarea) (struct fb_info *info, const struct fb_copyarea *region);
/* Draws a image to the display */
void (*fb_imageblit) (struct fb_info *info, const struct fb_image *image);
/* Draws cursor */
int (*fb_cursor) (struct fb_info *info, struct fb_cursor *cursor);
/* Rotates the display */
void (*fb_rotate)(struct fb_info *info, int angle);
/* wait for blit idle, optional */
int (*fb_sync)(struct fb_info *info);
/* perform fb specific ioctl (optional) */
int (*fb_ioctl)(struct fb_info *info, unsigned int cmd,
unsigned long arg);
/* Handle 32bit compat ioctl (optional) */
int (*fb_compat_ioctl)(struct fb_info *info, unsigned cmd,
unsigned long arg);
/* perform fb specific mmap */
int (*fb_mmap)(struct fb_info *info, struct vm_area_struct *vma);
/* get capability given var */
void (*fb_get_caps)(struct fb_info *info, struct fb_blit_caps *caps,
struct fb_var_screeninfo *var);
/* teardown any resources to do with this framebuffer */
void (*fb_destroy)(struct fb_info *info);
/* called at KDB enter and leave time to prepare the console */
int (*fb_debug_enter)(struct fb_info *info);
int (*fb_debug_leave)(struct fb_info *info);
};
Framebuffer模块初始化过程
FrameBuffer驱动是以模块的形式注册到系统中,在模块初始化时,创建FrameBuffer对应的设备文件及proc文件,并注册FrameBuffer设备操作接口函数。
kernel\drivers\video\Fbmem.c
module_init(fbmem_init);
static int __init fbmem_init(void)
{
//在proc文件系统中创建/proc/fb文件,并注册proc接口函数
proc_create("fb", 0, NULL, &fb_proc_fops);
//注册字符设备fb,并注册fb设备文件的操作接口函数,主设备号为29,
//#define FB_MAJOR 29
if (register_chrdev(FB_MAJOR,"fb",&fb_fops))
printk("unable to get major %d for fb devs\n", FB_MAJOR);
//创建sys/class/graphics目录
fb_class = class_create(THIS_MODULE, "graphics");
if (IS_ERR(fb_class)) {
printk(KERN_WARNING "Unable to create fb class; errno = %ld\n", PTR_ERR(fb_class));
fb_class = NULL;
}
return 0;
}
首先在proc文件系统中创建fb文件,同时注册操作该文件的接口函数:
static const struct file_operations fb_proc_fops = {
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.open = proc_fb_open,
.read = seq_read,
.llseek = seq_lseek,
.release = seq_release,
};
因此可以对/proc/fb文件进行打开,读写操作。然后注册一个主设备号为29的字符设备,fbmem_init函数中注册了字符设备的文件操作接口函数fb_fops,定义如下:
static const struct file_operations fb_fops = {
.owner =THIS_MODULE,
.read = fb_read,
.write = fb_write,
.unlocked_ioctl = fb_ioctl,
#ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT
.compat_ioctl = fb_compat_ioctl,
#endif
.mmap = fb_mmap,
.open = fb_open,
.release =fb_release,
#ifdef HAVE_ARCH_FB_UNMAPPED_AREA
.get_unmapped_area = get_fb_unmapped_area,
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_FB_DEFERRED_IO
.fsync =fb_deferred_io_fsync,
#endif
.llseek =default_llseek,
};
Framebuffer驱动注册过程
变量定义:
//保存注册的所有Framebuffer驱动
extern struct fb_info *registered_fb[FB_MAX];
//已注册的Framebuffer驱动的个数
extern int num_registered_fb;
任何一个特定硬件Framebuffer驱动在初始化时都必须向fbmem.c注册,FrameBuffer模块提供了驱动注册接口函数register_framebuffer:
int register_framebuffer(struct fb_info *fb_info)
{
int ret;
mutex_lock(®istration_lock);
ret = do_register_framebuffer(fb_info);
mutex_unlock(®istration_lock);
return ret;
}
参数fb_info描述特定硬件的FrameBuffer驱动信息
static int do_register_framebuffer(struct fb_info *fb_info)
{
int i;
struct fb_event event;
struct fb_videomode mode;
if (fb_check_foreignness(fb_info))
return -ENOSYS;
//根据当前注册的fb_info的apertures属性从FrameBuffer驱动数组registered_fb中查询是否存在冲突
do_remove_conflicting_framebuffers(fb_info->apertures, fb_info->fix.id,
fb_is_primary_device(fb_info));
//判断已注册的驱动是否超过32个FrameBuffer驱动
if (num_registered_fb == FB_MAX)
return -ENXIO;
//增加已注册的驱动个数
num_registered_fb++;
//从数组registered_fb中查找空闲元素,用于存储当前注册的fb_info
for (i = 0 ; i < FB_MAX; i++)
if (!registered_fb[i])
break;
//将当前注册的fb_info在数组registered_fb中的索引位置保存到fb_info->node
fb_info->node = i;
//初始化当前注册的fb_info的成员信息
atomic_set(&fb_info->count, 1);
mutex_init(&fb_info->lock);
mutex_init(&fb_info->mm_lock);
//在/dev目录下创建一个fbx的设备文件,次设备号就是该fb_info在数组registered_fb中的索引
fb_info->dev = device_create(fb_class, fb_info->device,MKDEV(FB_MAJOR, i), NULL, "fb%d", i);
if (IS_ERR(fb_info->dev)) {
printk(KERN_WARNING "Unable to create device for framebuffer %d; errno = %ld\n", i, PTR_ERR(fb_info->dev));
fb_info->dev = NULL;
} else
//初始化fb_info
fb_init_device(fb_info);
if (fb_info->pixmap.addr == NULL) {
fb_info->pixmap.addr = kmalloc(FBPIXMAPSIZE, GFP_KERNEL);
if (fb_info->pixmap.addr) {
fb_info->pixmap.size = FBPIXMAPSIZE;
fb_info->pixmap.buf_align = 1;
fb_info->pixmap.scan_align = 1;
fb_info->pixmap.access_align = 32;
fb_info->pixmap.flags = FB_PIXMAP_DEFAULT;
}
}
fb_info->pixmap.offset = 0;
if (!fb_info->pixmap.blit_x)
fb_info->pixmap.blit_x = ~(u32)0;
if (!fb_info->pixmap.blit_y)
fb_info->pixmap.blit_y = ~(u32)0;
if (!fb_info->modelist.prev || !fb_info->modelist.next)
INIT_LIST_HEAD(&fb_info->modelist);
fb_var_to_videomode(&mode, &fb_info->var);
fb_add_videomode(&mode, &fb_info->modelist);
//将特定硬件对应的fb_info注册到registered_fb数组中
registered_fb[i] = fb_info;
event.info = fb_info;
if (!lock_fb_info(fb_info))
return -ENODEV;
//使用Linux事件通知机制发送一个FrameBuffer注册事件FB_EVENT_FB_REGISTERED
fb_notifier_call_chain(FB_EVENT_FB_REGISTERED, &event);
unlock_fb_info(fb_info);
return 0;
}
注册过程就是将指定的设备驱动信息fb_info存放到registered_fb数组中。因此在注册具体的fb_info时,首先要构造一个fb_info数据结构,并初始化该数据结构,该结构用于描述一个特定的FrameBuffer驱动。
fbX设备文件的打开过程
open("/dev/fb0")打开设备文件fb0对应的操作过程如下:
static int fb_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
__acquires(&info->lock)
__releases(&info->lock)
{
//从文件节点中取得次设备号
int fbidx = iminor(inode);
struct fb_info *info;
int res = 0;
//根据次设备号从registered_fb数组中取出对应的fb_info
info = get_fb_info(fbidx);
if (!info) {
request_module("fb%d", fbidx);
info = get_fb_info(fbidx);
if (!info)
return -ENODEV;
}
if (IS_ERR(info))
return PTR_ERR(info);
mutex_lock(&info->lock);
if (!try_module_get(info->fbops->owner)) {
res = -ENODEV;
goto out;
}
//将当前的fb_info保存到/dev/fbx设备文件的private_data成员中
file->private_data = info;
if (info->fbops->fb_open) {
//调用当前fb_info的fb_open函数打开当前FrameBuffer设备
res = info->fbops->fb_open(info,1);
if (res)
module_put(info->fbops->owner);
}
#ifdef CONFIG_FB_DEFERRED_IO
if (info->fbdefio)
fb_deferred_io_open(info, inode, file);
#endif
out:
mutex_unlock(&info->lock);
if (res)
put_fb_info(info);
return res;
}
打开过程很简单,首先从文件节点中取出要打开FrameBuffer的fb_info数据信息,并保存到设备文件file的private_data变量中,然后调用当前fb_info中的fb_open函数完成设备打开过程。该函数在构造具体的fb_info并注册FrameBuffer时,就已注册了对应的打开操作函数指针。
fbX设备文件的映射过程
static int fb_mmap(struct file *file, struct vm_area_struct * vma)
{
//从文件节点中取出fb_info,并且判断是否和private_data变量中的fb_info相同
struct fb_info *info = file_fb_info(file);
struct fb_ops *fb;
unsigned long off;
unsigned long start;
u32 len;
if (!info)
return -ENODEV;
if (vma->vm_pgoff > (~0UL >> PAGE_SHIFT))
return -EINVAL;
off = vma->vm_pgoff << PAGE_SHIFT;
fb = info->fbops;
if (!fb)
return -ENODEV;
mutex_lock(&info->mm_lock);
//如果fb_info中注册了fb_mmap函数,则调用fb_info中的fb_mmap来完成地址空间映射
if (fb->fb_mmap) {
int res;
res = fb->fb_mmap(info, vma);
mutex_unlock(&info->mm_lock);
return res;
}
//如果具体的fb_info没有实现fb_mmap
start = info->fix.smem_start;
len = PAGE_ALIGN((start & ~PAGE_MASK) + info->fix.smem_len);
if (off >= len) {
/* memory mapped io */
off -= len;
if (info->var.accel_flags) {
mutex_unlock(&info->mm_lock);
return -EINVAL;
}
start = info->fix.mmio_start;
len = PAGE_ALIGN((start & ~PAGE_MASK) + info->fix.mmio_len);
}
mutex_unlock(&info->mm_lock);
start &= PAGE_MASK;
if ((vma->vm_end - vma->vm_start + off) > len)
return -EINVAL;
off += start;
vma->vm_pgoff = off >> PAGE_SHIFT;
/* This is an IO map - tell maydump to skip this VMA */
vma->vm_flags |= VM_IO | VM_RESERVED;
vma->vm_page_prot = vm_get_page_prot(vma->vm_flags);
fb_pgprotect(file, vma, off);
if (io_remap_pfn_range(vma, vma->vm_start, off >> PAGE_SHIFT,
vma->vm_end - vma->vm_start, vma->vm_page_prot))
return -EAGAIN;
return 0;
}
这里和fb打开过程类似,仍然是调用具体的fb_info的映射函数来完成地址空间映射过程,但是也有区别,就是在具体的fb_info没有实现地址空间映射时,就在FrameBuffer这一层完成映射过程。
fbX设备文件的命令控制过程
static long do_fb_ioctl(struct fb_info *info, unsigned int cmd,unsigned long arg)
{
struct fb_ops *fb;
struct fb_var_screeninfo var;
struct fb_fix_screeninfo fix;
struct fb_con2fbmap con2fb;
struct fb_cmap cmap_from;
struct fb_cmap_user cmap;
struct fb_event event;
void __user *argp = (void __user *)arg;
long ret = 0;
switch (cmd) {
case FBIOGET_VSCREENINFO:
if (!lock_fb_info(info))
return -ENODEV;
var = info->var;
unlock_fb_info(info);
ret = copy_to_user(argp, &var, sizeof(var)) ? -EFAULT : 0;
break;
case FBIOPUT_VSCREENINFO:
if (copy_from_user(&var, argp, sizeof(var)))
return -EFAULT;
if (!lock_fb_info(info))
return -ENODEV;
console_lock();
info->flags |= FBINFO_MISC_USEREVENT;
ret = fb_set_var(info, &var);
info->flags &= ~FBINFO_MISC_USEREVENT;
console_unlock();
unlock_fb_info(info);
if (!ret && copy_to_user(argp, &var, sizeof(var)))
ret = -EFAULT;
break;
case FBIOGET_FSCREENINFO:
if (!lock_fb_info(info))
return -ENODEV;
fix = info->fix;
unlock_fb_info(info);
ret = copy_to_user(argp, &fix, sizeof(fix)) ? -EFAULT : 0;
break;
case FBIOPUTCMAP:
if (copy_from_user(&cmap, argp, sizeof(cmap)))
return -EFAULT;
ret = fb_set_user_cmap(&cmap, info);
break;
case FBIOGETCMAP:
if (copy_from_user(&cmap, argp, sizeof(cmap)))
return -EFAULT;
if (!lock_fb_info(info))
return -ENODEV;
cmap_from = info->cmap;
unlock_fb_info(info);
ret = fb_cmap_to_user(&cmap_from, &cmap);
break;
case FBIOPAN_DISPLAY:
if (copy_from_user(&var, argp, sizeof(var)))
return -EFAULT;
if (!lock_fb_info(info))
return -ENODEV;
console_lock();
ret = fb_pan_display(info, &var);
console_unlock();
unlock_fb_info(info);
if (ret == 0 && copy_to_user(argp, &var, sizeof(var)))
return -EFAULT;
break;
case FBIO_CURSOR:
ret = -EINVAL;
break;
case FBIOGET_CON2FBMAP:
if (copy_from_user(&con2fb, argp, sizeof(con2fb)))
return -EFAULT;
if (con2fb.console < 1 || con2fb.console > MAX_NR_CONSOLES)
return -EINVAL;
con2fb.framebuffer = -1;
event.data = &con2fb;
if (!lock_fb_info(info))
return -ENODEV;
event.info = info;
fb_notifier_call_chain(FB_EVENT_GET_CONSOLE_MAP, &event);
unlock_fb_info(info);
ret = copy_to_user(argp, &con2fb, sizeof(con2fb)) ? -EFAULT : 0;
break;
case FBIOPUT_CON2FBMAP:
if (copy_from_user(&con2fb, argp, sizeof(con2fb)))
return -EFAULT;
if (con2fb.console < 1 || con2fb.console > MAX_NR_CONSOLES)
return -EINVAL;
if (con2fb.framebuffer < 0 || con2fb.framebuffer >= FB_MAX)
return -EINVAL;
if (!registered_fb[con2fb.framebuffer])
request_module("fb%d", con2fb.framebuffer);
if (!registered_fb[con2fb.framebuffer]) {
ret = -EINVAL;
break;
}
event.data = &con2fb;
if (!lock_fb_info(info))
return -ENODEV;
event.info = info;
ret = fb_notifier_call_chain(FB_EVENT_SET_CONSOLE_MAP, &event);
unlock_fb_info(info);
break;
case FBIOBLANK:
if (!lock_fb_info(info))
return -ENODEV;
console_lock();
info->flags |= FBINFO_MISC_USEREVENT;
ret = fb_blank(info, arg);
info->flags &= ~FBINFO_MISC_USEREVENT;
console_unlock();
unlock_fb_info(info);
break;
default:
if (!lock_fb_info(info))
return -ENODEV;
fb = info->fbops;
if (fb->fb_ioctl)
ret = fb->fb_ioctl(info, cmd, arg);
else
ret = -ENOTTY;
unlock_fb_info(info);
}
return ret;
}
FrameBuffer驱动的框架就介绍到这来,总结一下: