N-Queens
Then-queens puzzle is the problem of placingnqueens on ann×nchessboard such that no two queens attack each other.
Given an integern, return all distinct solutions to then-queens puzzle.
Each solution contains a distinct board configuration of then-queens' placement, where'Q'
and'.'
both indicate a queen and an empty space respectively.
For example,
There exist two distinct solutions to the 4-queens puzzle:
[ [".Q..", // Solution 1 "...Q", "Q...", "..Q."], ["..Q.", // Solution 2 "Q...", "...Q", ".Q.."] ]
写非递归回溯法要点:
1 记录好是否发生递归状态了
2 递归之后不能重复之前试过的解决方案
本题利用一个vector<int> backtrackCol(n,-1)实现了这两个功能
3 清楚什么时候需要回溯
本题是if (col == n) 这个条件就回溯了
4 回溯,就需要重置填过了的内容
本题需要重置两个数组: vector<int> backtrackCol和board
Iterative算法大概比recurrence算法难度高上三倍吧,而效率并没有明显区别。
下面是非递归算法12 queens用时也是12秒左右,和递归没什么区别。
可以打印的程序在下面连接:
http://blog.csdn.net/kenden23/article/details/14455915
vector<vector<string> > solveNQueens(int n)
{
vector<string> board(n,string(n, '.'));
vector<vector<string> > rs;
int row = 0;
vector<int> backtrackCol(n, -1);
while (row >= 0)
{
int col = 0;
if (backtrackCol[row] != -1)
{
col = backtrackCol[row]+1;
board[row][col-1] = '.';
}
for (; col < n; col++)
{
if (isLegal(board, row, col))
{
board[row][col] = 'Q';
backtrackCol[row] = col;
if (row == n-1)
{
rs.push_back(board);
backtrackCol[row] = -1;
board[row][col] = '.';
row--;
break;
}
row++;
break;
}
}
if (col == n)
{
backtrackCol[row] = -1;
row--;
}
}
return rs;
}
bool isLegal(const vector<string> &board, int row, int col)
{
for (int i = 0; i < row; i++)
{
if (board[i][col] == 'Q') return false;
}
for (int i = row - 1, j = col - 1; i>=0 && j>=0; i--, j--)
{
if (board[i][j] == 'Q') return false;
}
for (int i = row - 1, j = col + 1; i>=0 && j<board.size(); i--, j++)
{
if (board[i][j] == 'Q') return false;
}
return true;
}
下面是递归回溯法,比上面简单多了。
vector<vector<string> > solveNQueens(int n)
{
vector<string> board(n,string(n, '.'));
vector<vector<string> > rs;
solNQueens(rs, board);
return rs;
}
void solNQueens(vector<vector<string> > &rs, vector<string> &board, int row=0)
{
if (row == board.size()) rs.push_back(board);
for (int col = 0; col < board.size(); col++)
{
if (isLegal(board, row, col))
{
board[row][col] = 'Q';
solNQueens(rs, board, row+1);
board[row][col] = '.';
}
}
}
bool isLegal(const vector<string> &board, int row, int col)
{
for (int i = 0; i < row; i++)
{
if (board[i][col] == 'Q') return false;
}
for (int i = row - 1, j = col - 1; i>=0 && j>=0; i--, j--)
{
if (board[i][j] == 'Q') return false;
}
for (int i = row - 1, j = col + 1; i>=0 && j<board.size(); i--, j++)
{
if (board[i][j] == 'Q') return false;
}
return true;
}
递归回溯:
class Solution128 {
public:
vector<vector<string> > solveNQueens(int n)
{
vector<vector<string> > rs;
vector<string> s(n, string(n, '.'));
solve(rs, s, n);
return rs;
}
void solve(vector<vector<string> > &rs, vector<string> &s, int n, int r = 0)
{
if (r == n)
{
rs.push_back(s);
return;
}
for (int c = 0; c < n; c++)
{
if (isLegal(s, r, c))
{
s[r][c] = 'Q';
solve(rs, s, n, r+1);
s[r][c] = '.';
}
}
}
bool isLegal(vector<string> &s, int r, int c)
{
for (int i = r - 1, j = c - 1, k = c + 1; i >= 0 ; i--, j--, k++)
{
if (s[i][c] == 'Q'
|| j>=0 && s[i][j] == 'Q'
|| k < s.size() && s[i][k] == 'Q')
return false;
}
return true;
}
};