转自:http://blog.csdn.net/indexman/article/details/7768811
连接查询是数据库查询语句中使用频率很高的查询方式,下面根据Oracle提供的官方文档学习一下连接查询:
一 Equijoins 等值连接:
- SQL> select e.employee_id, e.last_name,
- 2 e.department_id, d.department_id,
- 3 d.location_id
- 4 from employees e, departments d
- 5 where e.department_id = d.department_id;
- EMPLOYEE_ID LAST_NAME DEPARTMENT_ID DEPARTMENT_ID LOCATION_ID
- ----------- ------------------------- ------------- ------------- -----------
- 198 OConnell 50 50 1500
- 199 Grant 50 50 1500
- 200 Whalen 10 10 1700
- 201 Hartstein 20 20 1800
- ......
二 Self joins 自连接:
自连接(self join)是SQL语句中经常要用的连接方式,使用自连接可以将自身表的一个镜像当作另一个表来对待,从而能够得到一些特殊的数据。
e.g.
- SELECT e1.last_name||' works for '||e2.last_name
- "Employees and Their Managers"
- FROM employees e1, employees e2
- WHERE e1.manager_id = e2.employee_id
- AND e1.last_name LIKE 'R%'
- ORDER BY e1.last_name;
- Employees and Their Managers
- -------------------------------
- Rajs works for Mourgos
- Raphaely works for King
- Rogers works for Kaufling
- Russell works for King
If two tables in a join query have no join condition, then Oracle Database returns their Cartesian product.
如果2个表连接查询而没有连接条件,则oracle返回他们的笛卡尔积。即oracle返回一个表里每一行与另一个表每一行的组合(15 X 4)。
e.g.
- SCOTT@orcl> select count(1) from emp;
- COUNT(1)
- ----------
- 15
- SCOTT@orcl> select count(1) from dept;
- COUNT(1)
- ----------
- 4
- SCOTT@orcl> select count(1) from emp, dept;
- COUNT(1)
- ----------
- 60
四 Inner Joins 内连接:
An inner join (sometimes called a simple join) is a join of two or more tables that returns only those rows that satisfy the join condition.
内连接也叫简单连接,是2个或更多表的关联并且仅返回那些满足连接条件的行。
e.g.
- <p style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 18px;"></p><pre name="code" class="sql"><span style="font-size:12px;">select e.employee_id, e.last_name,
- e.department_id, d.department_id,
- d.location_id
- FROM employees e JOIN departments d
- ON e.department_id = d.department_id;</span></pre><pre name="code" class="html"></pre>
五 Outer joins 外连接:
简单连接的扩展。分为左外连接(Left outer joins)、右外连接(Right outer joins)、全外连接(Full outer joins)
和Partitioned Outer Joins(分区外连接,用于数据仓库)
Listing 1:
SELECT d.department_id, e.last_name
- FROM departments d LEFT OUTER JOIN employees e
- ON d.department_id = e.department_id
- ORDER BY d.department_id, e.last_name;
另外一种写法:
- SELECT d.department_id, e.last_name
- FROM departments d, employees e
- WHERE d.department_id = e.department_id(+)
- ORDER BY d.department_id, e.last_name;
Oracle 官方推荐使用第一种写法。
Listing 2:
- SELECT d.department_id, e.last_name
- FROM departments d RIGHT OUTER JOIN employees e
- ON d.department_id = e.department_id
- ORDER BY d.department_id, e.last_name;
- DEPARTMENT_ID LAST_NAME
- ------------- -------------------------
- . . .
- 110 Higgins
- 110 Gietz
- Grant
- Zeuss
Listing 3:
- SELECT d.department_id as d_dept_id, e.department_id as e_dept_id,
- e.last_name
- FROM departments d FULL OUTER JOIN employees e
- ON d.department_id = e.department_id
- ORDER BY d.department_id, e.last_name;
- D_DEPT_ID E_DEPT_ID LAST_NAME
- ---------- ---------- -------------------------
- . . .
- 110 110 Gietz
- 110 110 Higgins
- . . .
- 260
- 270
- 999 Zeuss
- Grant
更好的写法,使用USING clause
- SELECT department_id AS d_e_dept_id, e.last_name
- FROM departments d FULL OUTER JOIN employees e
- USING (department_id)
- ORDER BY department_id, e.last_name;
- D_E_DEPT_ID LAST_NAME
- ----------- -------------------------
- . . .
- 110 Higgins
- 110 Gietz
- . . .
- 260
- 270
- 999 Zeuss
- Grant
Listing 4:
- CREATE TABLE inventory (time_id DATE,
- product VARCHAR2(10),
- quantity NUMBER);
- INSERT INTO inventory VALUES (TO_DATE('01/04/01', 'DD/MM/YY'), 'bottle', 10);
- INSERT INTO inventory VALUES (TO_DATE('06/04/01', 'DD/MM/YY'), 'bottle', 10);
- INSERT INTO inventory VALUES (TO_DATE('01/04/01', 'DD/MM/YY'), 'can', 10);
- INSERT INTO inventory VALUES (TO_DATE('04/04/01', 'DD/MM/YY'), 'can', 10);
- SELECT times.time_id, product, quantity FROM inventory
- PARTITION BY (product)
- RIGHT OUTER JOIN times ON (times.time_id = inventory.time_id)
- WHERE times.time_id BETWEEN TO_DATE('01/04/01', 'DD/MM/YY')
- AND TO_DATE('06/04/01', 'DD/MM/YY')
- ORDER BY 2,1;
- TIME_ID PRODUCT QUANTITY
- --------- ---------- ----------
- 01-APR-01 bottle 10
- 02-APR-01 bottle
- 03-APR-01 bottle
- 04-APR-01 bottle
- 05-APR-01 bottle
- 06-APR-01 bottle 10
- 06-APR-01 bottle 8
- 01-APR-01 can 10
- 01-APR-01 can 15
- 02-APR-01 can
- 03-APR-01 can
- 04-APR-01 can 10
- 04-APR-01 can 11
- 05-APR-01 can
- 06-APR-01 can
- 15 rows selected.
更好的写法:
- SELECT time_id, product, LAST_VALUE(quantity IGNORE NULLS)
- OVER (PARTITION BY product ORDER BY time_id) quantity
- FROM ( SELECT times.time_id, product, quantity
- FROM inventory PARTITION BY (product)
- RIGHT OUTER JOIN times ON (times.time_id = inventory.time_id)
- WHERE times.time_id BETWEEN TO_DATE('01/04/01', 'DD/MM/YY')
- AND TO_DATE('06/04/01', 'DD/MM/YY'))
- ORDER BY 2,1;
- TIME_ID PRODUCT QUANTITY
- --------- ---------- ----------
- 01-APR-01 bottle 10
- 02-APR-01 bottle 10
- 03-APR-01 bottle 10
- 04-APR-01 bottle 10
- 05-APR-01 bottle 10
- 06-APR-01 bottle 8
- 06-APR-01 bottle 8
- 01-APR-01 can 15
- 01-APR-01 can 15
- 02-APR-01 can 15
- 03-APR-01 can 15
- 04-APR-01 can 11
- 04-APR-01 can 11
- 05-APR-01 can 11
- 06-APR-01 can 11
- 15 rows selected.
六 Anti-joins 反连接:
返回不满足子查询条件(NOT IN)的左表记录。
e.g.
- SELECT * FROM employees
- WHERE department_id NOT IN
- (SELECT department_id FROM departments
- WHERE location_id = 1700)
- ORDER BY last_name;
七 Semi-joins 半连接:
返回匹配exists子查询的左侧没有重复的行。
e.g.
- SELECT * FROM departments
- WHERE EXISTS
- (SELECT * FROM employees
- WHERE departments.department_id = employees.department_id
- AND employees.salary > 2500)
- ORDER BY department_name;