三、中断处理过程
这一节将以S3C2410为例,描述linux-2.6.26内核中,从中断开始,中断是如何一步一步执行到我们注册函数的。
3.1 中断向量表 arch\arm\kernel\entry-armv.S
__vectors_start:
swi SYS_ERROR0
b vector_und + stubs_offset
ldr pc, .LCvswi + stubs_offset
b vector_pabt + stubs_offset
b vector_dabt + stubs_offset
b vector_addrexcptn + stubs_offset
b vector_irq + stubs_offset
b vector_fiq + stubs_offset
.globl __vectors_end
__vectors_end:
中断发生后,跳转到b vector_irq + stubs_offset的位置执行。注意现在的向量表的初始位置是0xffff0000。
3.2 中断跳转的入口位置 arch\arm\kernel\entry-armv.S
.globl __stubs_start
__stubs_start:
/*
* Interrupt dispatcher
*/
vector_stub irq, IRQ_MODE, 4 @IRQ_MODE在include\asm\ptrace.h中定义:0x12
.long __irq_usr @ 0 (USR_26 / USR_32)
.long __irq_invalid @ 1 (FIQ_26 / FIQ_32)
.long __irq_invalid @ 2 (IRQ_26 / IRQ_32)
.long __irq_svc @ 3 (SVC_26 / SVC_32)
.long __irq_invalid @ 4
.long __irq_invalid @ 5
.long __irq_invalid @ 6
.long __irq_invalid @ 7
.long __irq_invalid @ 8
.long __irq_invalid @ 9
.long __irq_invalid @ a
.long __irq_invalid @ b
.long __irq_invalid @ c
.long __irq_invalid @ d
.long __irq_invalid @ e
.long __irq_invalid @ f
上面代码中vector_stub宏的定义为:
.macro vector_stub, name, mode, correction=0
.align 5
vector_\name:
.if \correction
sub lr, lr, #\correction
.endif
@
@ Save r0, lr_<exception> (parent PC) and spsr_<exception>
@ (parent CPSR)
@
stmia sp, {r0, lr} @ save r0, lr
mrs lr, spsr
str lr, [sp, #8] @ save spsr
@
@ Prepare for SVC32 mode. IRQs remain disabled.
@
mrs r0, cpsr
eor r0, r0, #(\mode ^ SVC_MODE)
msr spsr_cxsf, r0 @为后面进入svc模式做准备
@
@ the branch table must immediately follow this code
@
and lr, lr, #0x0f @进入中断前的mode的后4位
@#define USR_MODE 0x00000010
@#define FIQ_MODE 0x00000011
@#define IRQ_MODE 0x00000012
@#define SVC_MODE 0x00000013
@#define ABT_MODE 0x00000017
@#define UND_MODE 0x0000001b
@#define SYSTEM_MODE 0x0000001f
mov r0, sp
ldr lr, [pc, lr, lsl #2] @如果进入中断前是usr,则取出PC+4*0的内容,即__irq_usr@如果进入中断前是svc,则取出PC+4*3的内容,即__irq_svc
movs pc, lr @ 当指令的目标寄存器是PC,且指令以S结束,则它会把@ spsr的值恢复给cpsr branch to handler in SVC mode
.endm
.globl __stubs_start
__stubs_start:
/*
* Interrupt dispatcher
*/
vector_stub irq, IRQ_MODE, 4
.long __irq_usr @ 0 (USR_26 / USR_32)
.long __irq_invalid @ 1 (FIQ_26 / FIQ_32)
.long __irq_invalid @ 2 (IRQ_26 / IRQ_32)
.long __irq_svc @ 3 (SVC_26 / SVC_32)
用“irq, IRQ_MODE, 4”代替宏vector_stub中的“name, mode, correction”,找到了我们中断处理的入口位置为vector_irq(宏里面的vector_\name)。
从上面代码中的注释可以看出,根据进入中断前的工作模式不同,程序下一步将跳转到_irq_usr 、或__irq_svc等位置。我们先选择__irq_usr作为下一步跟踪的目标。
3.3 __irq_usr的实现 arch\arm\kernel\entry-armv.S
__irq_usr:
usr_entry @后面有解释
kuser_cmpxchg_check
#ifdef CONFIG_TRACE_IRQFLAGS
bl trace_hardirqs_off
#endif
get_thread_info tsk @获取当前进程的进程描述符中的成员变量thread_info的地址,并将该地址保存到寄存器tsk等于r9(在entry-header.S中定义)
#ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT//如果定义了抢占,增加抢占数值
ldr r8, [tsk, #TI_PREEMPT] @ get preempt count
add r7, r8, #1 @ increment it
str r7, [tsk, #TI_PREEMPT]
#endif
irq_handler @中断处理,我们最关心的地方,3.4节有实现过程。
#ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT
ldr r0, [tsk, #TI_PREEMPT]
str r8, [tsk, #TI_PREEMPT]
teq r0, r7
strne r0, [r0, -r0]
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_TRACE_IRQFLAGS
bl trace_hardirqs_on
#endif
mov why, #0
b ret_to_user @中断处理完成,返回中断产生的位置,3.7节有实现过程
上面代码中的usr_entry是一个宏,主要实现了将usr模式下的寄存器、中断返回地址保存到堆栈中。
.macro usr_entry
sub sp, sp, #S_FRAME_SIZE @ S_FRAME_SIZE的值在arch\arm\kernel\asm-offsets.c
@ 中定义 DEFINE(S_FRAME_SIZE, sizeof(struct pt_regs));实际上等于72
stmib sp, {r1 - r12}
ldmia r0, {r1 - r3}
add r0, sp, #S_PC @ here for interlock avoidance
mov r4, #-1 @ "" "" "" ""
str r1, [sp] @ save the "real" r0 copied
@ from the exception stack
@
@ We are now ready to fill in the remaining blanks on the stack:
@
@ r2 - lr_<exception>, already fixed up for correct return/restart
@ r3 - spsr_<exception>
@ r4 - orig_r0 (see pt_regs definition in ptrace.h)
@
@ Also, separately save sp_usr and lr_usr
@
stmia r0, {r2 - r4}
stmdb r0, {sp, lr}^
@
@ Enable the alignment trap while in kernel mode
@
alignment_trap r0
@
@ Clear FP to mark the first stack frame
@
zero_fp
.endm
上面的这段代码主要在填充结构体pt_regs ,这里提到的struct pt_regs,在include/asm/ptrace.h中定义。此时sp指向struct pt_regs。
struct pt_regs {
long uregs[18];
};
#define ARM_cpsr uregs[16]
#define ARM_pc uregs[15]
#define ARM_lr uregs[14]
#define ARM_sp uregs[13]
#define ARM_ip uregs[12]
#define ARM_fp uregs[11]
#define ARM_r10 uregs[10]
#define ARM_r9 uregs[9]
#define ARM_r8 uregs[8]
#define ARM_r7 uregs[7]
#define ARM_r6 uregs[6]
#define ARM_r5 uregs[5]
#define ARM_r4 uregs[4]
#define ARM_r3 uregs[3]
#define ARM_r2 uregs[2]
#define ARM_r1 uregs[1]
#define ARM_r0 uregs[0]
#define ARM_ORIG_r0 uregs[17]
3.4 irq_handler的实现过程,arch\arm\kernel\entry-armv.S
.macro irq_handler
get_irqnr_preamble r5, lr
@在include/asm/arch-s3c2410/entry-macro.s中定义了宏get_irqnr_preamble为空操作,什么都不做
1: get_irqnr_and_base r0, r6, r5, lr @判断中断号,通过R0返回,3.5节有实现过程
movne r1, sp
@
@ routine called with r0 = irq number, r1 = struct pt_regs *
@
adrne lr, 1b
bne asm_do_IRQ @进入中断处理。
……
.endm
3.5 get_irqnr_and_base中断号判断过程,include/asm/arch-s3c2410/entry-macro.s
.macro get_irqnr_and_base, irqnr, irqstat, base, tmp
mov \base, #S3C24XX_VA_IRQ
@@ try the interrupt offset register, since it is there
ldr \irqstat, [ \base, #INTPND ]
teq \irqstat, #0
beq 1002f
ldr \irqnr, [ \base, #INTOFFSET ] @通过判断INTOFFSET寄存器得到中断位置
mov \tmp, #1
tst \irqstat, \tmp, lsl \irqnr
bne 1001f
@@ the number specified is not a valid irq, so try
@@ and work it out for ourselves
mov \irqnr, #0 @@ start here
@@ work out which irq (if any) we got
movs \tmp, \irqstat, lsl#16
addeq \irqnr, \irqnr, #16
moveq \irqstat, \irqstat, lsr#16
tst \irqstat, #0xff
addeq \irqnr, \irqnr, #8
moveq \irqstat, \irqstat, lsr#8
tst \irqstat, #0xf
addeq \irqnr, \irqnr, #4
moveq \irqstat, \irqstat, lsr#4
tst \irqstat, #0x3
addeq \irqnr, \irqnr, #2
moveq \irqstat, \irqstat, lsr#2
tst \irqstat, #0x1
addeq \irqnr, \irqnr, #1
@@ we have the value
1001:
adds \irqnr, \irqnr, #IRQ_EINT0 @加上中断号的基准数值,得到最终的中断号,注意:此时没有考虑子中断的具体情况,(子中断的问题后面会有讲解)。IRQ_EINT0在include/asm/arch-s3c2410/irqs.h中定义.从这里可以看出,中断号的具体值是有平台相关的代码决定的,和硬件中断挂起寄存器中的中断号是不等的。
1002:
@@ exit here, Z flag unset if IRQ
.endm
3.6 asm_do_IRQ实现过程,arch/arm/kernel/irq.c
asmlinkage void __exception asm_do_IRQ(unsigned int irq, struct pt_regs *regs)
{
struct pt_regs *old_regs = set_irq_regs(regs);
struct irq_desc *desc = irq_desc + irq;//根据中断号找到对应的irq_desc
/*
* Some hardware gives randomly wrong interrupts. Rather
* than crashing, do something sensible.
*/
if (irq >= NR_IRQS)
desc = &bad_irq_desc;
irq_enter();//没做什么特别的工作,可以跳过不看
desc_handle_irq(irq, desc);// 根据中断号和desc进入中断处理
/* AT91 specific workaround */
irq_finish(irq);
irq_exit();
set_irq_regs(old_regs);
}
static inline void desc_handle_irq(unsigned int irq, struct irq_desc *desc)
{
desc->handle_irq(irq, desc);//中断处理
}
上述asmlinkage void __exception asm_do_IRQ(unsigned int irq, struct pt_regs *regs)使用了asmlinkage标识。那么这个标识的含义如何理解呢?
该符号定义在kernel/include/linux/linkage.h中,如下所示:
#include <asm/linkage.h>//各个具体处理器在此文件中定义asmlinkage
#ifdef __cplusplus
#define CPP_ASMLINKAGE extern "C"
#else
#define CPP_ASMLINKAGE
#endif
#ifndef asmlinkage//如果以前没有定义asmlinkage
#define asmlinkage CPP_ASMLINKAGE
#endif
对于ARM处理器的<asm/linkage.h>,没有定义asmlinkage,所以没有意义(不要以为参数是从堆栈传递的,对于ARM平台来说还是符合ATPCS过程调用标准,通过寄存器传递的)。
但对于X86处理器的<asm/linkage.h>中是这样定义的:
#define asmlinkage CPP_ASMLINKAGE __attribute__((regparm(0)))
表示函数的参数传递是通过堆栈完成的。
3.7 描述3.3节中的ret_to_user 中断返回过程,/arch/arm/kernel/entry-common.S
ENTRY(ret_to_user)
ret_slow_syscall:
disable_irq @ disable interrupts
ldr r1, [tsk, #TI_FLAGS]
tst r1, #_TIF_WORK_MASK
bne work_pending
no_work_pending:
/* perform architecture specific actions before user return */
arch_ret_to_user r1, lr
@ slow_restore_user_regs
ldr r1, [sp, #S_PSR] @ get calling cpsr
ldr lr, [sp, #S_PC]! @ get pc
msr spsr_cxsf, r1 @ save in spsr_svc
ldmdb sp, {r0 - lr}^ @ get calling r0 - lr
mov r0, r0
add sp, sp, #S_FRAME_SIZE - S_PC
movs pc, lr @ return & move spsr_svc into cpsr
第三章主要跟踪了从中断发生到调用到对应中断号的desc->handle_irq(irq, desc)中断函数的过程。后面的章节还会继续讲解后面的内容。 (作者:刘洪涛,华清远见嵌入式学院金牌讲师,ARM公司ATC授权培训讲师。)