变量初始化

变量初始化有三种方式：
         方式                                    example
-------------------------------------------------
1.调用default ctor                        T t;
2.调用对应参数类型的ctor       T t(parameter);
3.调用copy ctor                           T t = u;

值得注意的是在3时，虽然从表面上看有个=号，但不能以为就会用到assignment operator，不要被表面现象蒙蔽，这只是从c语法中沿用下来的。
另外，当u是T类型的对象时，T t = u; 相当于 T t(u);  ; 
但若u为其它类型对象时，它就相当于 T t(T(u))，先将u转化为一个临时的T对象，然后再调用copy ctor构造对象。有些编译器会优化掉这个临时对象，方法就是直接调用u的类型构造函数。vc7和bcc32都会进行这项优化处理。
[疑惑]但Exceptional C++说：如果这样优化，拷贝构造函数也是必须的。但我实验发现：没有必要有copy ctor，why？
所以，最好用2来代替3，而且2还有一个优势就时接受多个参数，3只能接受1个参数。

[experiment]
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class T {
public:
 T()
 {
  id_ = ++count_;
  cout << "T #" << id_ << " default ctor, ";
  printCount();
 }
 T(int)
 {
  id_ = ++count_;
  cout << "T #" << id_ << " T(int), ";
  printCount();
 }
 T(const T& other)
 {
  id_ = ++count_;
  cout << "T #" << id_ << " copy ctor from #" << other.id_ << ", ";
  printCount();
 }
 ~T()
 {  
  --count_;
  cout << "T #" << id_ << " destroyed, ";
  printCount();
 }
 T& operator=(const T& rhs)
 {
  cout << "T #" << id_ << " assignment op from #" << rhs.id_ << endl;
  return *this;
 }

private:
 void printCount() { cout << count_ << " instances exist" << endl; }
 static int count_;
 int id_;
};

int T::count_ = 0;

int main()
{
 cout << "[1]------------------------/n";
 T t1;  // call default ctor
 //T red_herring1();  // function declaration

 cout << "[2]------------------------/n";
 T t2(1); // call direct ctor
 T t3(t1); // call copy ctor
 //T red_herring2(T); // function declaration

 cout << "[3]------------------------/n";
 T t4 = 1; // call direct ctor
 T t5 = t1; // call copy ctor

 cout << "------- game over! --------/n";
}

[output]
[1]------------------------
T #1 default ctor, 1 instances exi
[2]------------------------
T #2 T(int), 2 instances exist
T #3 copy ctor from #1, 3 instance
[3]------------------------
T #4 T(int), 4 instances exist
------- game over! --------
T #4 destroyed, 3 instances exist
T #3 destroyed, 2 instances exist
T #2 destroyed, 1 instances exist
T #1 destroyed, 0 instances exist

[分析]
对象t4被编译器优化，直接调用了T::T(int),而不是先调用T::T(int)转化为temp,再用copy ctor构造

[Reference]
Exceptional C++  Item 42 Variable Initialization-Or is it?