Motivation

1. Maslow's hierarchy of needs

说到 motivation, 第一个想起来得 theory 就是 Maslow's hierarchy of needs, 只有低级需求满足之后人才会去追求高层次得需求，其实这个道理中国人比 Maslow 早几千年就明白了。古语有云，温饱思淫欲，饥寒起盗心。

 

2. Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene Theory

Maslow 虽然明白这个道理，但是并没有提供多少有力得证据。下面说得理论叫 Two Factors Theory, 也叫 Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene Theory, Herzberg 是个心理学家，他这个理论是经过大量事实考验得, 大意是要证明人对工作满意和不满意得因素是相互独立得。他根据 Maslow 的理论把人对工作的需求划分成高低两个层次。低层次的需求 (Hygiene) 实现仅仅消除对工作的不满意度，而真正喜欢工作需要的是精神上的满足 (Motivation).

 

Motivators (e.g. challenging work, recognition, responsibility) which give positive satisfaction, arising from intrinsic conditions of the job itself, such as recognition, achievement, or personal growth

 

Hygiene factors (e.g. status, job security, salary and fringe benefits) which do not give positive satisfaction, although dissatisfaction results from their absence. These are extrinsic to the work itself, and include aspects such as company policies, supervisory practices, or wages/salary.

 

3. McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y

同样，这个理论也是基于 Maslow 的学说，Theory X 对应 lower order needs, Theory Y 对应 higer order needs, 这两种理论其实就是针对 workforce motivation 的不同态度。

Theory X 认为人之初性本恶，人工作只是为了满足底层次的金钱需求，事无巨细必亲力督之，Theory Y 反之。

 

4. Expectancy Theory

这有点象赶驴的人在驴子前面挂一个胡萝卜，制定可以看到能够实现的目标，当然人比驴子要聪明，几根胡萝卜是必要付出的成本。

 

5. McClelland's Achievement Theory

McClelland 也是个受 Maslow 启发的心理学家，他通过大量实验证明人的 motivation 主要分为以下三种:

Achievement: wish to take responsibility for finding solutions to problems, master complex tasks, set goals, get feedback on level of success.

Affiliation: a desire to belong, an enjoyment of teamwork, a concern about interpersonal relationships, and a need reduce uncertainty.

Power: a drive to control and influence others, a need to win arguments, a need to persuade and prevail.