最小二乘法实现直线拟合

注解：原理和代码均非本人所创，代码转自：Ziv Yaniv 所写的ransac算法中的最小二乘法实现。

原理实现如下：

转载自：http://www.cnblogs.com/gnuhpc/archive/2012/12/09/2810000.html 

原理：

如果经验方程是线性的，形如y=ax+b，就是线性回归。按上面的分析，误差函数为：

e=∑(yi-axi-b)^2

各偏导为：

de/da=2∑(yi-axi-b)xi=0 
de/db=-2∑(yi-axi-b)=0

于是得到关于a,b的线性方程组：

(∑xi^2)a+(∑xi)b=∑yixi 
(∑xi)a+nb=∑yi

设A=∑xi^2,B=∑xi,C=∑yixi,D=∑yi，则方程化为：

Aa+Bb=C 
Ba+nb=D

解出a,b得：

a=(Cn-BD)/(An-BB) 
b=(AD-CB)/(An-BB) 

使用c实现为：

void LineParamEstimator::leastSquaresEstimate(std::vector<Point2D *> &data, std::vector<double> ¶meters)
{
	double meanX, meanY, nx, ny, norm;
	double covMat11, covMat12, covMat21, covMat22; // The entries of the symmetric covarinace matrix
	int i, dataSize = data.size();

	parameters.clear();
	if(data.size()<2)
		return;

	meanX = meanY = 0.0;
	covMat11 = covMat12 = covMat21 = covMat22 = 0;
	for(i=0; i<dataSize; i++) {
		meanX +=data[i]->x;
		meanY +=data[i]->y;

		covMat11	+=data[i]->x * data[i]->x;
		covMat12	+=data[i]->x * data[i]->y;
		covMat22	+=data[i]->y * data[i]->y;
	}

	meanX/=dataSize;//所有x的平均值。
	meanY/=dataSize;//所有y的平均值。

	covMat11 -= dataSize*meanX*meanX;
  covMat12 -= dataSize*meanX*meanY;
	covMat22 -= dataSize*meanY*meanY;
	covMat21 = covMat12;

	if(covMat11<1e-12) {
		nx = 1.0;
	  ny = 0.0;
	}
	else {	    //lamda1 is the largest eigen-value of the covariance matrix 
	           //and is used to compute the eigne-vector corresponding to the smallest
	           //eigenvalue, which isn't computed explicitly.
		double lamda1 = (covMat11 + covMat22 + sqrt((covMat11-covMat22)*(covMat11-covMat22) + 4*covMat12*covMat12)) / 2.0;
		nx = -covMat12;
		ny = lamda1 - covMat22;
		norm = sqrt(nx*nx + ny*ny);
		nx/=norm;
		ny/=norm;
	}
	parameters.push_back(nx);
	parameters.push_back(ny);
	parameters.push_back(meanX);
	parameters.push_back(meanY);
}

；；；；看不懂它的这个nx，ny是怎么求的。