计算机图形学：线段的交点计算及代码实现

在计算机图形学、几何计算和工程领域中，经常需要计算两条线段的交点。本文将详细介绍线段交点计算的原理、公式推导过程以及代码实现。

原理

要计算两条线段的交点，我们首先需要确定这两条线段是否相交。线段可以由两个端点定义，设线段$AB$的端点为$A(x_1,y_1)$和$B(x_2,y_2)$，线段$CD$的端点为$C(x_3,y_3)$和$D(x_4,y_4)$。

推导过程

1. 确定线段的方程：线段(AB)和(CD)可以表示为参数方程：
   $$AB:\{\begin{array}{l}x=x_1+t(x_2-x_1)\\ y=y_1+t(y_2-y_1)\end{array}(0\le t\le 1)$$

   $$CD:\{\begin{array}{l}x=x_3+s(x_4-x_3)\\ y=y_3+s(y_4-y_3)\end{array}(0\le s\le 1)$$

2. 设置交点条件：如果线段相交，那么存在$t$和$s$使得：
   $$x_1+t(x_2-x_1)=x_3+s(x_4-x_3)$$
   $$y_1+t(y_2-y_1)=y_3+s(y_4-y_3)$$

3. 解方程组：解这个方程组得到$t$和$s$。
   $$t=\frac{(x3-x1)(y4-y3)-(y3-y1)(x4-x3)}{(x2-x1)(y4-y3)-(y2-y1)(x4-x3)}$$
   $$s=\frac{(x3-x1)(y2-y1)-(y3-y1)(x2-x1)}{(x2-x1)(y4-y3)-(y2-y1)(x4-x3)}$$
   如果$t$和$s$都在$[0,1]$区间内，那么线段相交。

4. 计算交点：交点的坐标为：
   $$P\left(x_1+t(x_2-x_1),y_1+t(y_2-y_1)\right)$$

代码实现

Python代码

def line_intersection(A, B, C, D):
    x1, y1 = A
    x2, y2 = B
    x3, y3 = C
    x4, y4 = D

    # 计算分母
    denominator = (x2 - x1) * (y4 - y3) - (y2 - y1) * (x4 - x3)
    if denominator == 0:
        return None  # 线段平行或重合

    # 计算t和s
    t = ((x3 - x1) * (y4 - y3) - (y3 - y1) * (x4 - x3)) / denominator
    s = ((x3 - x1) * (y2 - y1) - (y3 - y1) * (x2 - x1)) / denominator

    # 检查t和s是否在[0, 1]区间内
    if 0 <= t <= 1 and 0 <= s <= 1:
        return (x1 + t * (x2 - x1), y1 + t * (y2 - y1))
    else:
        return None  # 线段不相交

C++代码

#include <iostream>

struct Point {
    double x, y;
};

Point line_intersection(Point A, Point B, Point C, Point D) {
    double x1 = A.x, y1 = A.y;
    double x2 = B.x, y2 = B.y;
    double x3 = C.x, y3 = C.y;
    double x4 = D.x, y4 = D.y;

    // 计算分母
    double denominator = (x2 - x1) * (y4 - y3) - (y2 - y1) * (x4 - x3);
    if (denominator == 0) {
        return {0, 0};  // 线段平行或重合
    }

    // 计算t和s
    double t = ((x3 - x1) * (y4 - y3) - (y3 - y1) * (x4 - x3)) / denominator;
    double s = ((x3 - x1) * (y2 - y1) - (y3 - y1) * (x2 - x1)) / denominator;

    // 检查t和s是否在[0, 1]区间内
    if (0 <= t && t <= 1 && 0 <= s && s <= 1) {
        return {x1 + t * (x2 - x1), y1 + t * (y2 - y1)};
    } else {
        return {0, 0};  // 线段不相交
    }
}

应用示例

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
from matplotlib.animation import FuncAnimation

def line_intersection(A, B, C, D):
    x1, y1 = A
    x2, y2 = B
    x3, y3 = C
    x4, y4 = D

    # 计算分母
    denominator = (x2 - x1) * (y4 - y3) - (y2 - y1) * (x4 - x3)
    if denominator == 0:
        return None  # 线段平行或重合

    # 计算t和s
    t = ((x3 - x1) * (y4 - y3) - (y3 - y1) * (x4 - x3)) / denominator
    s = ((x3 - x1) * (y2 - y1) - (y3 - y1) * (x2 - x1)) / denominator

    # 检查t和s是否在[0, 1]区间内
    if 0 <= t <= 1 and 0 <= s <= 1:
        return (x1 + t * (x2 - x1), y1 + t * (y2 - y1))
    else:
        return None  # 线段不相交

# 手动定义线段
segments = [
    ((0.3, 0.3), (0.8, 0.8), (0.2, 0.8), (0.8, 0.2)),
    ((0.2, 0.2), (0.8, 0.2), (0.5, 0.5), (0.8, 0.5)),
    ((0.1, 0.1), (0.7, 0.7), (0.6, 0.22), (0.8, 0.2)),
    ((0.3, 0.3), (0.7, 0.7), (0.4, 0.84), (0.8, 0.2)),
    ((0.2, 0.5), (0.8, 0.4), (0.6, 0.8), (0.7, 0.2)),
    ((0.2, 0.3), (0.8, 0.8), (0.5, 0.2), (0.8, 0.2))
]


fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.set_xlim(0, 1)
ax.set_ylim(0, 1)
ax.set_aspect('equal')

# 初始化绘图
line1, = ax.plot([], [], 'b-', animated=True)
line2, = ax.plot([], [], 'b-', animated=True)
point, = ax.plot([], [], 'ro', animated=True)
text = ax.text(0.5, 0.9, '', transform=ax.transAxes, ha='center')

def init():
    line1.set_data([], [])
    line2.set_data([], [])
    point.set_data([], [])
    text.set_text('')
    return line1, line2, point, text

def animate(i):
    A, B, C, D = segments[i]
    intersection = line_intersection(A, B, C, D)

    line1.set_data([A[0], B[0]], [A[1], B[1]])
    line2.set_data([C[0], D[0]], [C[1], D[1]])

    if intersection:
        line1.set_color('r')
        line2.set_color('r')
        point.set_data([intersection[0]], [intersection[1]])
        text.set_text(f'Intersection: ({intersection[0]:.2f}, {intersection[1]:.2f})')
    else:
        line1.set_color('b')
        line2.set_color('b')
        point.set_data([], [])  # 修改这里
        text.set_text('No Intersection')

    return line1, line2, point, text

ani = FuncAnimation(fig, animate, init_func=init, frames=len(segments), interval=500, blit=True)

# 保存动图
ani.save('line_segments.gif', writer='pillow', fps=1)

plt.show()

运行效果如下