三角函数与双曲函数及其导数和不定积分
定义
sin x = e i x − e − i x 2 i cos x = e i x + e − i x 2 tan x = e i x − e − i x ( e i x + e − i x ) i arcsin x = − i ln ( 1 − x 2 + i x ) arccos x = − i ln ( x 2 − 1 + x ) arctan x = − i 2 ln ( 1 + i x 1 − i x ) sh x = e x − e − x 2 ch x = e x + e − x 2 th x = e x − e − x e x + e − x arsh x = ln ( x 2 + 1 + x ) arch x = ln ( x 2 − 1 + x ) arth x = 1 2 ln ( 1 + x 1 − x ) \begin{aligned} \sin x &= \frac{e^{ix}-e^{-ix}}{2i} \\ \cos x &= \frac{e^{ix}+e^{-ix}}{2} \\ \tan x &= \frac{e^{ix}-e^{-ix}}{(e^{ix}+e^{-ix})i} \\ \arcsin x &= -i\ln(\sqrt{1-x^2} + ix) \\ \arccos x &= -i\ln(\sqrt{x^2-1} + x) \\ \arctan x &= -\frac i2\ln(\frac{1+ix}{1-ix}) \\ \sh x &= \frac{e^x-e^{-x}}{2} \\ \ch x &= \frac{e^x+e^{-x}}{2} \\ \th x &= \frac{e^x-e^{-x}}{e^x+e^{-x}} \\ \text{arsh }x &= \ln(\sqrt{x^2+1}+x) \\ \text{arch }x &= \ln(\sqrt{x^2-1}+x) \\ \text{arth }x &= \frac 12\ln(\frac{1+x}{1-x}) \end{aligned} sinxcosxtanxarcsinxarccosxarctanxshxchxthxarsh xarch xarth x=2ieix−e−ix=2eix+e−ix=(eix+e−ix)ieix−e−ix=−iln(1−x2+ix)=−iln(x2−1+x)=−2iln(1−ix1+ix)=2ex−e−x=2ex+e−x=ex+e−xex−e−x=ln(x2+1+x)=ln(x2−1+x)=21ln(1−x1+x)
关系
sin i x = i sh x sh i x = i sin x cos i x = ch x ch i x = cos x tan i x = i th x th i x = i tan x arcsin i x = i arsh x arsh i x = i arcsin x arccos i x = − i arch i x arch i x = i arccos i x arctan i x = i arth x arth i x = i arctan x \begin{aligned} \sin ix &= i\sh x \\ \sh ix &= i\sin x \\ \cos ix &= \ch x \\ \ch ix &= \cos x \\ \tan ix &= i\th x \\ \th ix &= i\tan x \\ \arcsin ix &= i \text{ arsh } x \\ \text{arsh } ix &= i\arcsin x \\ \arccos ix &= -i \text{ arch }ix \\ \text{arch } ix &= i \arccos ix \\ \arctan ix &= i\text{ arth } x \\ \text{arth } ix &= i\arctan x \end{aligned} sinixshixcosixchixtanixthixarcsinixarsh ixarccosixarch ixarctanixarth ix=ishx=isinx=chx=cosx=ithx=itanx=i arsh x=iarcsinx=−i arch ix=iarccosix=i arth x=iarctanx
导数
( sin x ) ′ = cos x ( cos x ) ′ = − sin x ( tan x ) ′ = 1 cos 2 x ( arcsin x ) ′ = 1 1 − x 2 ( arccos x ) ′ = − 1 1 − x 2 ( arctan x ) ′ = 1 1 + x 2 ( sh x ) ′ = ch x ( ch x ) ′ = sh x ( th x ) ′ = 1 ch 2 x ( arsh x ) ′ = 1 x 2 + 1 ( arch x ) ′ = 1 x 2 − 1 ( arth x ) ′ = 1 1 − x 2 \begin{aligned} \left(\sin x\right)' &= \cos x \\ \left(\cos x\right)' &= -\sin x \\ \left(\tan x\right)' &= \frac{1}{\cos^2 x} \\ \left(\arcsin x\right)' &= \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}} \\ \left(\arccos x\right)' &= -\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}} \\ \left(\arctan x\right)' &= \frac{1}{1+x^2} \\ \left(\sh x\right)' &= \ch x \\ \left(\ch x\right)' &= \sh x \\ \left(\th x\right)' &= \frac{1}{\ch^2 x} \\ \left(\text{arsh } x\right)' &= \frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2+1}} \\ \left(\text{arch } x\right)' &= \frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2-1}} \\ \left(\text{arth } x\right)' &= \frac{1}{1-x^2} \\ \end{aligned} (sinx)′(cosx)′(tanx)′(arcsinx)′(arccosx)′(arctanx)′(shx)′(chx)′(thx)′(arsh x)′(arch x)′(arth x)′=cosx=−sinx=cos2x1=1−x21=−1−x21=1+x21=chx=shx=ch2x1=x2+11=x2−11=1−x21
不定积分
∫ sin x d x = − cos x + C ∫ cos x d x = sin x + C ∫ tan x d x = − ln ∣ cos x ∣ + C ∫ sh x d x = ch x + C ∫ ch x d x = sh x + C ∫ th x d x = ln ∣ ch x ∣ + C \begin{aligned} \int{\sin x\text{d}x} &= -\cos x+C \\ \int{\cos x\text{d}x} &= \sin x+C \\ \int{\tan x\text{d}x} &= -\ln\left|\cos x\right|+C \\ \int{\sh x\text{d}x} &= \ch x+C \\ \int{\ch x\text{d}x} &= \sh x+C \\ \int{\th x\text{d}x} &= \ln\left|\ch x\right|+C \\ \end{aligned} ∫sinxdx∫cosxdx∫tanxdx∫shxdx∫chxdx∫thxdx=−cosx+C=sinx+C=−ln∣cosx∣+C=chx+C=shx+C=ln∣chx∣+C
注: arch x \text{arch } x arch x 完整解析式为 ± ln ( x 2 − 1 + 1 ) \pm\ln(\sqrt{x^2-1}+1) ±ln(x2−1+1), 且 arccos x = ± i arch x \arccos x = \pm i\text{ arch }x arccosx=±i arch x.