Python系列的学习重点大概先写到这篇为止,其他基础的东西可以去翻翻官方文件,以后在实作上有遇到一些有趣的议题会再以文章来记录。
本篇主要介绍了类的定义与使用方法,只提及需要特别注意的重点,
枝微末节的就不提了,可以参考官方文件或以其他编程语言为参照,
基本上如果有其他编程语言的底子,Python的学习曲线还是相对较短的。
此次作为示例的代码是一个C/S架构的简易Echo Server,
服务端开启一个Accept线程监听外来连线,然后再针对已接受的外部连线开启一个子线程处理网路通信。
主线程根据键盘输入决定是否结束程序。
服务端: [ EchoServer.py ]
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
# Description: It's a socket echo server.
# Simply use working thread to process the communication from client.
import socket
import threading
import sys
HOST = ""
PORT = 5226
isRunning = 1
socketList = []
class ClientThread(threading.Thread):
def __init__(self, ss, address):
super().__init__()
self.ss = ss
self.addr = address
def run(self):
while isRunning:
try:
data = self.ss.recv(1024)
except ConnectionResetError:
print("Connection is closed by remote client...")
break
except ConnectionAbortedError:
print("slave socket is closed.")
break
if (not data) or (data == "exit"):
print("Client thread exit from", self.addr)
break
self.ss.send(data)
self.ss.close()
for s in socketList: # remove client socket from socketList
if s == self.ss:
socketList.remove(s)
break
class AcceptThread(threading.Thread):
def __init__(self, s):
threading.Thread.__init__(self)
self.s = s
def run(self):
while isRunning:
try:
conn, addr = self.s.accept()
except:
print("Master socket is closed.")
break
print("Connected by", addr)
socketList.append(conn) # add client socket into socketList
client_thread = ClientThread(conn, addr)
client_thread.start()
def main():
try:
s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM, 0)
except socket.error as msg:
print(msg)
print("Could not open socket!")
sys.exit(1)
try:
s.bind((HOST, PORT))
s.listen(5)
except socket.error as msg:
s.close()
print(msg)
print("Could not open socket!")
sys.exit(1)
if s is None:
print("Could not open socket!")
sys.exit(1)
print("Server is listening on %d" % PORT)
socketList.append(s) # add master socket into socket list
accept_thread = AcceptThread(s)
accept_thread.start()
while input("enter 'exit' to terminate program:") != "exit": # wait for user input "exit"
pass
global isRunning
isRunning = 0 # Set all thread being stop
for sock in socketList: # Close all socket
sock.close()
print("Exit server program.")
if __name__ == "__main__":
try:
main()
except KeyboardInterrupt:
sys.exit(2)
except Exception as e:
print(e)
上述代码先以threading这个模组实现了线程类,如第15行和第42行的类定义:
ClientThread类和AcceptThread类继承了threading.Thread类,並且以__init__()函数定义了子类的constructor。
这里需要注意的是第17行和第44行,这两行代码都是在呼叫父类的constructor,只不过第44行是旧版Python的写法,第17行是Python 3.0之后的写法。
第17行使用super()呼叫避免直接使用父类名称,关于super()这个概念可以参考Java。
第17行的新版写法同时还可以改写成以下的旧版写法:
super(ClientThread, self).__init__()
相形之下就显得啰嗦。
------
重点2
线程类中必须实现一个run()函数,以供线程启动后运行,如第21行、第47行。
------
重点3
main()函数中绑定socket、监听socket我就不多解释了,这些用法可以参考C/C++的socket编程。
重点在第82、83行:
第82行宣告了一个AcceptThread类的对象实例,并且将本地的master socket作为参数传入类的建构函数中,
再赋值给类的成员变量self.s,作为接受外部连线之用。
第83行用AcceptThread类的对象实例呼叫了start()函数启动了AcceptThread线程。
重点大概就是这些了,其它的枝微末节可以边看代码边理解,很简单的。
最后附上客户端代码。
------
客户端: [ EchoClient.py ]
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
# Description: It's a socket echo client
import socket
import sys
HOST = "your.domain.net"
PORT = 5226
s = None
for res in socket.getaddrinfo(HOST, PORT, socket.AF_UNSPEC, socket.SOCK_STREAM, 0, socket.AI_PASSIVE):
af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
try:
s = socket.socket(af, socktype, proto)
except socket.error as msg:
print(msg)
s = None
continue
try:
s.connect(sa)
except socket.error as msg:
print(msg)
s.close()
s = None
continue
break
if s is None:
print("Could not open socket!")
sys.exit(1)
while 1:
data = ""
while data == "":
data = input("Input math algorithm:")
if data == "exit":
break
try:
s.send(data.encode())
data = s.recv(1024)
except:
print("Connection is closed by remote server...")
break
print("recv:%s" % data.decode())
s.close()
print("Exit client program.")
好了,今天就写到这边,我肚子疼,先屎遁去洗手间。