python 面向对象 语法问题总结

python 类实例化过程

参考：

python 类的实例化的全过程

Python 创建类对象实例的过程

 

cls 与 self 区别

cls表示当前类，self表示对象实例

self主要用于调用实例方法, cls主要用于调用类方法

 

__int__ 和 __new__区别

Use __new__ when you need to control the creation of a new instance.

Use __init__ when you need to control initialization of a new instance.

__new__ is the first step of instance creation. It's called first, and is responsible for returning a new instance of your class.

In contrast, __init__ doesn't return anything; it's only responsible for initializing the instance after it's been created.

In general, you shouldn't need to override __new__ unless you're subclassing an immutable type like str, int, unicode or tuple.

From April 2008 post: When to use __new__ vs. __init__? on mail.python.org.

 

因为__new__ 被调用的时候，对象还没有被创建，所以__new__ 方法接收的第一个参数是cls, new 返回实例对象self,  __init__ 第一个参数是self

参考官方文档对两个API的注释： https://docs.python.org/3/reference/datamodel.html#object.__new__

 

调用父类构造函数

python中使用多继承问题和super()内置函数的使用

Python多继承与super使用详解

 

多继承经典问题

class A(object):
    def __init__(self, a):
        self.a = a

class B(A):
    def __init__(self, a, b):
        super(B, self).__init__(a)
        self.b = b

class C(A):
    def __init__(self, a, c):
        super(C, self).__init__(a)
        self.c = c

class D(B, C):
    def __init__(self, a, b, c, d):
        #super(D,self).__init__(a, b, c) ???
        self.d = d

python multiple inheritance passing arguments to constructors using super

 

metaclasses：