736. Parse Lisp Expression

You are given a string expression representing a Lisp-like expression to return the integer value of.

The syntax for these expressions is given as follows.

• An expression is either an integer, a let-expression, an add-expression, a mult-expression, or an assigned variable. Expressions always evaluate to a single integer.

• (An integer could be positive or negative.)

• A let-expression takes the form (let v1 e1 v2 e2 ... vn en expr), where let is always the string "let", then there are 1 or more pairs of alternating variables and expressions, meaning that the first variable v1 is assigned the value of the expression e1, the second variable v2 is assigned the value of the expression e2, and so on sequentially; and then the value of this let-expression is the value of the expression expr.

• An add-expression takes the form (add e1 e2) where add is always the string "add", there are always two expressions e1, e2, and this expression evaluates to the addition of the evaluation of e1 and the evaluation of e2.

• A mult-expression takes the form (mult e1 e2) where mult is always the string "mult", there are always two expressions e1, e2, and this expression evaluates to the multiplication of the evaluation of e1 and the evaluation of e2.

• For the purposes of this question, we will use a smaller subset of variable names. A variable starts with a lowercase letter, then zero or more lowercase letters or digits. Additionally for your convenience, the names "add", "let", or "mult" are protected and will never be used as variable names.

• Finally, there is the concept of scope. When an expression of a variable name is evaluated, within the context of that evaluation, the innermost scope (in terms of parentheses) is checked first for the value of that variable, and then outer scopes are checked sequentially. It is guaranteed that every expression is legal. Please see the examples for more details on scope.

  Evaluation Examples:
  

  Input: (add 1 2)
  Output: 3
  
  Input: (mult 3 (add 2 3))
  Output: 15
  
  Input: (let x 2 (mult x 5))
  Output: 10
  
  Input: (let x 2 (mult x (let x 3 y 4 (add x y))))
  Output: 14
  Explanation: In the expression (add x y), when checking for the value of the variable x,
  we check from the innermost scope to the outermost in the context of the variable we are trying to evaluate.
  Since x = 3 is found first, the value of x is 3.
  
  Input: (let x 3 x 2 x)
  Output: 2
  Explanation: Assignment in let statements is processed sequentially.
  
  Input: (let x 1 y 2 x (add x y) (add x y))
  Output: 5
  Explanation: The first (add x y) evaluates as 3, and is assigned to x.
  The second (add x y) evaluates as 3+2 = 5.
  
  Input: (let x 2 (add (let x 3 (let x 4 x)) x))
  Output: 6
  Explanation: Even though (let x 4 x) has a deeper scope, it is outside the context
  of the final x in the add-expression.  That final x will equal 2.
  
  Input: (let a1 3 b2 (add a1 1) b2) 
  Output 4
  Explanation: Variable names can contain digits after the first character.
  
  

  Note:

• The given string expression is well formatted: There are no leading or trailing spaces, there is only a single space separating different components of the string, and no space between adjacent parentheses. The expression is guaranteed to be legal and evaluate to an integer.
• The length of expression is at most 2000. (It is also non-empty, as that would not be a legal expression.)
• The answer and all intermediate calculations of that answer are guaranteed to fit in a 32-bit integer.

编写解析类似lisp语言的程序。只有let,add,mult三个语句。使用递归的方法进行解析。eval()函数用来计算括号表达式、符号对应的值和数值，括号表达式根据左括号后的单词（let、add或mult）进行let、add或mult操作。要注意的是let赋值的作用域，当前括号内的赋值不影响括号外的值，所以在let()函数开头先记录好变量表，在结束前要恢复该表。

代码：

class Solution {
public:
    int evaluate(string expression) {
        idx = 0;
        expr = expression;
        return eval();
    }

private:
    size_t idx;
    string expr;
    map<string, int> var_table;

    int eval() {
        if(expr[idx] == '(') {
            ++idx;
            switch(expr[idx]) {
                case 'l':
                    return let();
                case 'a':
                    return add();
                case 'm':
                    return mult();
            }
        }
        else if((expr[idx] <= '9' && expr[idx] >= '0') || expr[idx] == '-') {
            size_t offset = 0;
            int val = stoi(expr.substr(idx), &offset);
            idx += offset;
            return val;
        }
        else if(expr[idx] <= 'z' && expr[idx] >= 'a') {
            return var_table[get_var_name()];
        }
        return 0;
    }

    string get_var_name() {
        string var;
        while(expr[idx] != ' ' && expr[idx] != ')') {
            var += expr[idx++];
        }
        return var;
    }

    int let() {
        idx += 4;
        int ret = 0;
        map<string, int> var_table_out = var_table;
        while(true) {
            if(expr[idx] == '(' || (expr[idx] <= '9' && expr[idx] >= '0') || expr[idx] == '-') {
                ret = eval();
                idx++;
                break;
            }
            string var = get_var_name();
            if(expr[idx] == ')') {
                idx++;
                ret = var_table[var];
                break;
            }
            idx++;
            var_table[var] = eval();
            idx++;
            // cout << "let: " << var << " = " << var_table[var] << endl;
        }
        var_table = var_table_out;
        return ret;
    }

    int add() {
        idx += 4;
        int val1 = eval();
        idx++;
        int val2 = eval();
        idx++;
        // cout << "add: " << val1 << " + " << val2 << endl;
        return val1 + val2;
    }

    int mult() {
        idx += 5;
        int val1 = eval();
        idx++;
        int val2 = eval();
        idx++;
        // cout << "mult: " << val1 << " * " << val2 << endl;
        return val1 * val2;
    }
};

---