1. from scratch
从头开始,从零做起。
eg.
(1) I learned German from scratch in six months.
我从零学起,六个月学会了德语。
(2) They decided to dismantle the machine and start again from scratch.
他们决定拆掉机器,从头再来。
2. up to scratch
达到标准;令人满意。
eg.
(1) His work simply isn't up to scratch.
他的工作根本达不到要求。
(2) It'll take months to bring the band up to scratch.
得几个月功夫才能使乐队像个样子。